Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Question 1

3 carbon sugar?

4 carbon?

Answer 1

trioses

tetroses

Question 2

Aldoses?

Answer 2

sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group

Question 3

Ketoses?

Answer 3

sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group

Question 4

Diastereomers?

Answer 4

differ in one chiral C, need two or more SC’s

Question 5

Epimers?

Answer 5

type of diastereomer, differ at exactly one chiral carbon

Question 6

Anomers?

Answer 6

type of diastereomer, subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

Question 7

Cycylization?

Answer 7

ring formation of carbs from their straight chain forms

Question 8

Anomeric carbon?

Answer 8

the new chiral center formed in ring closure, it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in straight chain form

Question 9

alpha anomers?

Answer 9

have the OH group on the anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group

Question 10

beta anomers?

Answer 10

have the OH group on the anomeric carbon cis to the free CH2OH group

Question 11

Mutarotation?

Answer 11

one anomeric form shifts to another, with the straight chain form as an intermediate

Question 12

Monosaccharides?

Answer 12

single carb units that can undergo three main reactions

• oxidation/reduction
• esterification
• glycoside formation

Question 13

Glycoside formation?

Answer 13

the basis for building complex carbs and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar

Question 14

deoxy sugars?

Answer 14

sugars with H replacing an OH

Question 15

Common Disaccharides?

Answer 15

• sucrose (glucose alpha 1,2 fructose)
• lactose (galactose beta 1,4 glucose)
• maltose (glucose alpha 1,4 glucose)

Question 16

Cellulose?

Answer 16

main structural component of plant cell walls, main source of fiber in human diets, polysaccharide

Question 17

Starches (Amylose, Amylopectin)?

Answer 17

main energy storage forms for plants, polysaccharides

Question 18

Glycogen?

Answer 18

major energy storage form for animals