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5242 Cell Metabolism 2 > Carbohydrate Absorption, Transportation, Digestion > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Absorption, Transportation, Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major carbohydrates in the diet?

A

Starch, Sucrose, Lactose.

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2
Q

What constitutes L and D glucose forms?

A

OH group on asymmetric carbon farthest from carbonyl carbon is Right=D Left=L

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3
Q

What constitutes the Alpha and Beta configurations of glucose?

A

Hydroxyl group pointing down=Alpha

Pointing up=Beta

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4
Q

If a hydroxyl group on an anomeric carbon is not linked, this ring can open and be what kind of agent?

A

A reducing agent.

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5
Q

Starches are polymers of what? What are the two kinds of molecules that constitute starch?

A

Polymers of a-D-glucose. Amylose and amylopectin.

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6
Q

What kind of bonds are in amylose?

A

Glucose a-1,4 Glucose

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7
Q

What kind of bonds are in amylopectin? What is different between this molecule and amylose?

A

Glucose a-1,4 Glucose, and Glucose a-1,6 Glucose. This molecule can be branched (a-1,6)

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8
Q

What is glycogens main purpose? Polymer of what? What bonds?

A
  1. Storage form of glucose in animals
  2. Polymer of a-D-glucose
  3. Glucose a-1,4 glucose, and a-1,6. Like amylopectin but more branched.
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9
Q

What is cellulose a polymer of? type of bonds?

A

Polymer of b-D-glucose. Glucose b-1,4 glucose bonds.

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10
Q

What molecules and bonds are not digestible?

A

Cellulose, Glucose b-1,4 Glucose,

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11
Q

What is sucrose made up of and what bonds? What kind of agent?

A

Glucose linked to fructose in a,b-1,2 bonds. Non-reducing agent.

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12
Q

What is the difference between sucrose and sucralose (artificial sweetener)?

A

Sucralose has replaced H with Cl.

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13
Q

What is lactose made up of and what bonds?

A

Galactose and Glucose with b-1,4 bonds.

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14
Q

what is trehalose made of, what bonds?Found where?

A

It is a Glucose a,a-1,1 Glucose bond, found in mushrooms and insect blood.

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15
Q

What are glycosidases?

A

Enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds.

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16
Q

What does salivary a-amylase do? Affinities?

A

Hydrolyzes a-1,4 interior chain bonds, with a low affinity to bonds next to branch points.

17
Q

Salivary a-amylase activity on amylose produces? Amylopectin?

A 
Amylose= Maltose, Maltotriose, Oligosaccharides 
Amylopectin= Maltose, Maltotriose, a-dextrin
18
Q

What are the two phases of digestion in the intestine?

A

Luminal and Membrane phases.

19
Q

Secretin does what? Cholecystokinin?

A

Secretin=Causes pancreas to release bicarbonate

Cholecysto= Causes pancreas to release pancreatic a-amylase.

20
Q

What does Lactase activity do?

A

Cleaves b-1,4 bonds in lactose

21
Q

What does Trehalase activity do?

A

Cleaves a,a-1,1 bonds in trehalose.

22
Q

What does glucoamylase complex activity do?

A

Cleaves a-1,4 bonds starting from non-reducing ends.

23
Q

What does Sucrase-isomaltase activity do?

A

Sucrase=Hydrolyzes sucrose and maltose

Isomalase=Hydrolyzes a-1,6 bonds and maltase.

24
Q

What are the benefits of soluble dietary fiber?

A
  1. Reduces colon cancer
  2. Pectins lower cholesterol by binding bile acids
  3. Pectins slow rate of glucose absorption
  4. Soften stool
  5. Help irritable bowel syndrome
25
Q

What is an example of a sodium-dependent transporter? What does it do?

A

SGLT-1. Transports Galactose and Glucose in intestine.

SGLT-2: Transports glucose in Kidney

26
Q

What are the 5 GLUT transporters and what is the tissue distribution/what do they do?

A

1=Red blood cells, cells with barrier functions
2=Liver, transports all three monosaccharides
3=neurons, transporter in CNS
4=Adipose skeletal and heart muscle. Insulin sensitive
5=Intestinal epi cells and sperm, Fructose transporter

27
Q

Where is SGLT-2 found?

A

Kidney

28
Q

What is the glycemic index based on? What do the numbers mean?

A

50 g of barbs to 50 g of glucose. Measures how fast you see a change in blood glucose levels, higher is faster.

29
Q

When a carbohydrate can’t be digested or absorbed, what happens to it? What is produces? Symptoms?

A

bacteria breaks it down. Produces gas, short chain fatty acids, lactic acid. Causes bloating, cramps, diarrhea.

5242 Cell Metabolism 2 (9 decks)

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