CARBOHYDRATE Flashcards
THREE MOST COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES. STRUCTURES
SWEETEST FLAVOR?
Glucose
Fructose (sweetest)
Galactose
CHEMICAL NAME FOR CANE SUGAR
TWO SOURCE
TWO MONO?
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Juices and soft drinks
MONO FOR BLOOD SUGAR
ALTERNATE NAME?
Glucose
Alt: dextrose
Advantage for high fructose corn syrup over corn?
Increases the sweetness by ~ 30%
Maple sugar on molecular level
D
What is brown sugar
White sugar with molasses and flavoring agents added
Molecules makes up honey
Separated glucose and fructose molecules (not covalently linked)
Disaccharides found in milk.
Two mono in it.
Lactose = galactose and glucose
In what form is glucose stored in animals
Where is it stored
How much is typically stored
Glycogen is the form of storage for glucose
Liver and muscle tissue
How is glucose typically stored In plants
Examples
Starch is storage of glucose for plants
Amylose: unbranch form
Amylopectin: branch form called
Carbohydrate in breads, grains, potatoes
Thickening agent.
Two components of starch
Differences?
What is resistance starch?
Form of glucose in plants
- Amylose : linked by alpha 1,4 (helices) unbranch
- Amylopectin alpha 1,4 branching by mean 1,6
Resistance starch are starch that may remain undigested (whole grain)
What are dextrins?
How are they used in food?
Partial hydrolysis of starch produces shorter chains of glucose
Thickening agent
Five form of fiber
Which is water soluble and which is water insoluble
Soluble : pectin,gums,fruits,oats,bar
Insoluble: cellulose,lignin,some cereal, some vegetable, wheat bran
Several types of gums and their sources?
Xanthan gums : cellulose polymer with trisaccharides branches contains sugar Chloe’s
Carrageenan gum : polysaccharide of galactose
Guar and carob gum : polysaccharide of mannose with galactose
Effects of fiber on Serum cholesterol Diverticulitis Colin center Hemorrhoids
Serum Cholesterol:
Soluble at levels of 12-30g/day produce modest reduction (5%)
Divertic. : inflammation of small pouches that form in the large intestine.
Colin cancer: high fiber
Hem. Varicose veins around the anus
Two forms of fiber that are partially digested by intestinal bacteria
Two from that isn’t
Pectins and guar
Is not digested : Cellulose and gum
Nutrition effect can phytic acid have
What sort of diet could its effect be important
Significantly reduce absorption of minerals in people with a very high fiber diet
Intestinal enzyme that break down the 2 component of starch
Debranching enzyme cuts a-1,6 to amylopectin
Disaccharide hydrolysis (sucrase)
Intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes disaccharides
Maltese
Sucrase
Lactase
Basis of lactose intolerance and the variation in frequency of occurrence among different racial group
A
Describe how blood levels of glucose are controlled hormonally.
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Fight or flight response requires increased glucose
Insulin : uptake glucose into liver and muscle for storage and into adipose cells for conversion to fat
Glucagon: breakdown of glycogen in liver into glucose and release into blood
What disease results when blood glucose levels are abnormally high after a meal?
What are the two variation of this disease
Hyperglycemia
Explain molecular origin of insulin resistance.
What happens to insulin synthesis with type two with time
A
Reference food for determining glycemic index
50g of CARBO compared with 50g of gluco.
