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NUTRITION > CARBOHYDRATE > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATE Flashcards

1
Q

THREE MOST COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES. STRUCTURES

SWEETEST FLAVOR?

A

Glucose
Fructose (sweetest)
Galactose

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2
Q

CHEMICAL NAME FOR CANE SUGAR
TWO SOURCE
TWO MONO?

A

Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Juices and soft drinks

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3
Q

MONO FOR BLOOD SUGAR

ALTERNATE NAME?

A

Glucose

Alt: dextrose

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4
Q

Advantage for high fructose corn syrup over corn?

A

Increases the sweetness by ~ 30%

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5
Q

Maple sugar on molecular level

A

D

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6
Q

What is brown sugar

A

White sugar with molasses and flavoring agents added

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7
Q

Molecules makes up honey

A

Separated glucose and fructose molecules (not covalently linked)

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8
Q

Disaccharides found in milk.

Two mono in it.

A

Lactose = galactose and glucose

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9
Q

In what form is glucose stored in animals
Where is it stored
How much is typically stored

A

Glycogen is the form of storage for glucose

Liver and muscle tissue

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10
Q

How is glucose typically stored In plants

Examples

A

Starch is storage of glucose for plants

Amylose: unbranch form
Amylopectin: branch form called

Carbohydrate in breads, grains, potatoes
Thickening agent.

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11
Q

Two components of starch
Differences?
What is resistance starch?

A

Form of glucose in plants

  • Amylose : linked by alpha 1,4 (helices) unbranch
  • Amylopectin alpha 1,4 branching by mean 1,6

Resistance starch are starch that may remain undigested (whole grain)

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12
Q

What are dextrins?

How are they used in food?

A

Partial hydrolysis of starch produces shorter chains of glucose

Thickening agent

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13
Q

Five form of fiber

Which is water soluble and which is water insoluble

A

Soluble : pectin,gums,fruits,oats,bar

Insoluble: cellulose,lignin,some cereal, some vegetable, wheat bran

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14
Q

Several types of gums and their sources?

A

Xanthan gums : cellulose polymer with trisaccharides branches contains sugar Chloe’s

Carrageenan gum : polysaccharide of galactose

Guar and carob gum : polysaccharide of mannose with galactose

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15
Q 
Effects of fiber on 
Serum cholesterol 
Diverticulitis
Colin center 
Hemorrhoids
A

Serum Cholesterol:
Soluble at levels of 12-30g/day produce modest reduction (5%)

Divertic. : inflammation of small pouches that form in the large intestine.

Colin cancer: high fiber

Hem. Varicose veins around the anus

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16
Q

Two forms of fiber that are partially digested by intestinal bacteria

Two from that isn’t

A

Pectins and guar

Is not digested : Cellulose and gum

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17
Q

Nutrition effect can phytic acid have

What sort of diet could its effect be important

A

Significantly reduce absorption of minerals in people with a very high fiber diet

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18
Q

Intestinal enzyme that break down the 2 component of starch

A

Debranching enzyme cuts a-1,6 to amylopectin

Disaccharide hydrolysis (sucrase)

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19
Q

Intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes disaccharides

A

Maltese
Sucrase
Lactase

20
Q

Basis of lactose intolerance and the variation in frequency of occurrence among different racial group

A

A

21
Q

Describe how blood levels of glucose are controlled hormonally.

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Fight or flight response requires increased glucose

Insulin : uptake glucose into liver and muscle for storage and into adipose cells for conversion to fat

Glucagon: breakdown of glycogen in liver into glucose and release into blood

22
Q

What disease results when blood glucose levels are abnormally high after a meal?

What are the two variation of this disease

A

Hyperglycemia

23
Q

Explain molecular origin of insulin resistance.

What happens to insulin synthesis with type two with time

A

A

24
Q

Reference food for determining glycemic index

A

50g of CARBO compared with 50g of gluco.

25
Q

Practical factors limits the usefulness of the glycemic index concept

A

One food can have significant effect on absorption rate

Applies to only specific condition under which was measured

26
Q

Three artificial sweeteners

A

Aspartame
Saccharin
Sucrose

27
Q

What potentially toxic product is produced from aspartame?

Should this matter be concerned?

A

Methanol which produces formaldehyde

28
Q

What groups of consumers are cautioned about the use of nutria sweets on labels?

A

Y

29
Q

Several sugar alcohol molecules

In what food the most commonly used.

A

Xylitol
Mannitol
Sorbitol

Mostly in gums

30
Q

Tropical plant produces a potent artificial sweetener

A

Stevia rebaudiana

31
Q

Artificial sweeteners and weight loss, what is the correlation between the two?

A

Negative Correlation

Sweet n low doesn’t cause weight loss

32
Q

SIMPLE VS COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE

A

Simple : mono(1) carbohydrates

Complex: poly(more) carbohydrates

33
Q

Honey better refined sugar why?

A

Because it contains vitamin

Concentrated solution of separated glucose and fructose molecules

34
Q

What ample amounts of CARBO always found

A

Plants

35
Q

Another name for Splenda

A

Sucralose

36
Q

Not common dietary source of CARBO

A

Glycogen

37
Q

How is milk changed for ppl with lactose problem

A

Addition of lactase

38
Q

Sugar alcoholics..

A

Provide kcal

39
Q

Alpha vs beta

A

Alpha is cis (same)

Beta is tran (opposite)

40
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Patient builds up a resistance to insulin and began to have high level of blood glucose

41
Q

Type 1

A

If patient doesn’t produce enough of insulin at young age

42
Q

Normal blood glucose level

A

70-100

43
Q

If you were to excessive continuously about how long would glycogen stores last

A

A few hours

44
Q

High eating with bleach food will lead to

A

High glycemic index

45
Q

Amount stored in liver and muscle tissue

A

0.75 pounds (350g)

46
Q

Roles of fiber

A
  • thickening
  • constipation
  • diarrhea
47
Q

Soluble fiber can be partially digested energy for

A

Mucosal cell

NUTRITION (9 decks)

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