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CAPSTONE REVIEW > Capstone Pharmacology > Flashcards

Capstone Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

-caine

Classification

A

Local Anesthetic

lidocaine (Xylocaine)

tetracaine (Pontocaine)

procaine (Novocain)

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2
Q

-cillin

Classification

A

Antibiotic

penicillin

amoxicillin

ampicillin

piperacillin tazobactam (Zosyn)

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3
Q

-dine

Classification

A

H2 Blockers (Anti-Ulcer)

ranitidine hydrochloride (Zantac)

cimetidine (Tagamet)

famotidine (Pepcid)

nizatidine (Axid)

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4
Q

-done

Classification

A

Opioid Analgesic

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5
Q

-ide

Classification

A

Oral Hypoglycemics

chlorpropamide (Diabinese)

glipizide (Glucotrol)

tolzamide

glyburide (DiaBeta)

glimepiride (Amaryl)

repaglinide (Prandin)

nateglinide (Starlix)

** Not to be confused with diuretics **

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6
Q

-lam

Classification

A

Anti-Anxiety Agents

alprazolam (Xanax)

Diazepam (Valium)

Lorazepam (Ativan)

Oxazepam (Serax)

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

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7
Q

-micin / -mycin

Classification

A

Antibiotic

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8
Q

**-mide **

Classification

A

Diuretic

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9
Q

**-nium **

Classification

A

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

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10
Q

**-olol **

Classification

A

Beta Blockers

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11
Q

**-oxacin **

Classification

A

Antibiotic

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12
Q

**-pam **

Classification

A

Anti-Anxiety Agents

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13
Q

**-pril **

Classification

A

ACE inhibitors

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14
Q

**-sone **

Classification

A

Steroid

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15
Q

Aspirin

A

Analgesic (Anti-platelet)

Do not give together with other anticoagulants

Stop taking aspirin several (7?) days prior to surgery

Do not give to children with viral infections (possibility of Reye Syndrome)

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16
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID

Take with food

Contraindicated for people with GI ulcers

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17
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid Analgesic

Respiratory depressant – should be witheld if respirations are <10

Antidote: Narcan

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18
Q

Dilatin

A

Anti-Convulsant

May cause gum hyperplasia - advise clients to visit dentist regularly

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19
Q

Prednisone

A

Anti-Inflammatory

Causes Cushing-like symptoms

Common side effects include immunosuppression (monitor client for infection) and hyperglycemia

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20
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-Coagulant

Monitor labs: PTT

Antidote: Protamine sulfate

  • Heparin helps prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Administered IV or SQ.
  • Enoxaparin (Lovenox) is a low-molecular weight heparin - same action but longer half-life and administered SQ
  • Protamine sulfate is the antidote
  • Administer when there is a likelihood of clot formation such as MI or DVT
  • Risk for bleeding is major side effect; monitor for bleeding, bruises, hematuria, petechiae
  • Instruct clients to avoid corticosteroid use, oral hypoglycemic agents, salicylates, NSAIDs, excessive green leafy veggies and other foods high in vit K
  • Normal aPTT is 20-36seconds but to maintain a therapeutic level, aPTT should be 1.5-2x normal (60-80sec)
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21
Q

Coumadin / Warfarin

A

Anti-Coagulant

Monitor labs: PT & INR

Antidote: Vitamin K

  • Coumadin (Warfarin) interferes with coagulation factors by antagonising vitamin K
  • Oral admin (IV heparin may be used until therapeutic level of coumadin achieved)
  • Use is contraindicated in clients with low platelet counts or uncontrolled bleeding
  • Mephyton (vitamin K) is the antidote
  • Advise clients to avoid food high in vit K as well as acetaminophen, glucocorticoids, aspirin; wear a medicalert bracelet
  • Dose is usually once daily
  • INR and PT are monitored (PT should be 1.5-2x control; INR should be 2-3x control)
  • No coumadin for pregnant women! Oral anticoagulants are pregnancy category X.
22
Q

Cogentin

A

Anti-Parkinson

Used to treat EPS (extrapyramidal symptoms)

23
Q

Sinemet

A

Anti-Parkinson

Drug is effective when tremors are not oberved

24
Q

Theophylline / Aminophylline

A

Respiratory

Side effects: tachycardia

25
Q

**Digoxin **

** (Lanoxin) **

A

Cardiovascular

Signs of toxicity: pt may complain of visual changes in colors; loss of appetite

Therapeutic Serum Blood Level: 0.5 - 2.0 ng/mL

26
Q

Magnesium Sulfate

A

Anti-Hypertensive (Pre-Eclampsia)

Monitor for deep tendon reflexes and respiratory depression

27
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Diuretic

Monitor potassium levels

28
Q

Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Diuretic

Monitor potassium levels

29
Q

Aldactone (Spironolactone)

A

Diuretic

Potassium-sparing; still need to monitor potassium levels to watch for hyperkalemia

30
Q

Lithium

A

Psychotropic

Therapeutic range: 0.8 - 1.2 mEq

Know symptoms of toxicity - can cause severe CNS, renal, and pulmonary problems that may lead to death.

Serum levels of 1.5-2.0 mEq/L: CNS problems, including lethargy, slurred speech, muscle weakness, and fine tremor; polyuria, which relates to renal toxicity; and beginning of gastric toxicity, with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; ECG irregularites may be present

Adequate fluid and salt intake is important

Encourage routine serum levels measured

31
Q

MAOI Inhibitors

A

Psychotropic

Have dangerous food-drug interactions – foods with tyramine (such as aged cheeses, aged meats, and wine) should be avoided

Also has many drug-drug interactions

32
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

A

Psychotropic

Used for alcohol aversion therapy

Clients must avoid any form of alcohol (including cough medicines and mouthwash) or they will develop a severe reaction

33
Q

Oxytocin

A

Maternity (?)

Assess uterus frequently for tetanic contraction

34
Q

Tegretol

A
35
Q

Atropine

A
36
Q

Epogen

A
37
Q

Acyclovir

A

Anti-Viral

Used for various viral infections including shingles

38
Q

Antiemetics

A

Medications used for the tx and prevention of N/V.

5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists (serotonin antagonists)
Dolasetron
Granisetron
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Tropise**tron **

Dopamine Antagonists
Promethazine (Phenergan)
Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
Metoclopramide (Reglan) – monitor for EPS!

Antihistamines (H1 histamine receptor antagonists)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

Cannabinoids
Cannabis (Medical Marijuana)

*Most antiemetics cause some form of sedation so watch for additive effect with other meds

39
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

A

Decrease stomach acid by inhibiting gastric proton pumps (which make the acid) – stop the flow of acid at the pump!!

Omeprazole (Prilosec, Omepral)

Lansoprazole (Prevacid)

Esomeprazole (Nexium)

Pantoprazole (Protonix)

“Zole” is the friendly guy who turns of the pump but, if he stays around too long, he can cause b-12 deficiency.

40
Q

Statins

A

HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors - used to treat primary hypercholesterolemia, prevention of coronary events, protection against MI and stroke in pts with diabetes, help increase HDL

HDL should be HIGH and LDL should be LOW

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Lovastatin

Risk of hepatoxicity - monitor liver function; instruct pts to avoid alcohol

Risk of myopathy and peripheral neuropathy - monitor CK levels and instruct pts to report muscle pain, weakness, tingling, etc.

41
Q

Antiplatelets

A

Prevent platelet aggregation by inhibiting enzymes and factors that normally allow for arterial clotthing - used to prevent MI and stroke

Aspirin (Ecotrin)
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Pentoxifyline (Trental)

Low dose therapy often used (81mg aspirin)

Monitor for bleeding - educate pts about “coffee ground” emesis and bloody or tarry stools; watch for bleeding, bruising, and petechiae

Observe for signs of weakness, dizziness, and headache – could indicate hemorrhagic stroke

Avoid concurrent use with NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin, corticosteroids

42
Q

Thrombolytic Agents

A

Clot busters - dissolve clots that have already been formed by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which destroys fibrigoen and other clotting factors

Streptokinase (Streptase)

Must be administered within 4 to 6 hours of onset of symptoms

Goal is the restoration of circulation

Risk is of increased bleeding – baseline blood counts should be monitored; venipuncture, SQ, IM should be avoided

43
Q

Erectile Dysfunction Agents

A

Act by increasing nitric oxide which opens and relaxes the blood vessels of the penis causing increased blood flow

Sildenafil (Viagra)
Vardenafil (Levitra)
Tadalafil (Cialis)

“Fil” is well tolerated by most clients but adverse effects include headache, flushing, back pain and muscle aches (Levitra), temporary vision changes.

Men who have heart problems, uncontrolled blood pressure, hx of stroke, or another health problem that my exacerbate the likelihood of priapism, should not hang out with “Fil.”

44
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

When using insulin, hypoglycemia is most likely to occur at the peak of the insulin’s action – important to know onset, peak, and duration of all insulin formulations

S/S of abrupt-onset hypoglycemia: tachycardia, palpations, diaphoresis, shakiness

S/S of gradual-onset hypoglycemia: headache, tremors, weakness

45
Q

Lispro (Humalog)

A

Fastest: rapid-acting insulin

Onset: <15min

Peak: 30min - 1hr

Duration: 3 - 4hrs

46
Q

Regular (Humulin R)

A

Fast: short acting insulin

Onset: 30min - 1hr

Peak: 2 - 3hrs

Duration: 5- 7hrs

47
Q

NPH Insulin (Humulin N)

A

Slow: intermediate-acting insulin

Onset: 1 - 2hrs

Peak: 4 - 12hrs

Duration: 18 -24hrs

48
Q

Insulin glargine (Lantus)

A

Slowest: long-acting insulin

Onset: 1hr

Peak: none

Duration: 10 - 24hrs

49
Q

**Epinephrine **

(Adrenaline)

A
  • Alpha1 Receptors
    • Vasoconstriction
      • Slows absorption of local anesthetics
      • Manages superficial bleeding
      • Reduces congestion of nasal mucosa
      • Increases blood pressure
  • Beta1 Receptors
    • Increases heart rate
    • Strengthens myocardial contractility
    • Increases rate of conduction through the AV node
      • Treatment of AV block and cardiac arrest
  • Beta2 Receptors
    • Bronchodilation
      • Tx of Asthma
50
Q

**Dopamine **

(Intropin)

A
  • Tx of shock and heart failure
  • Beta1 Receptors
    • Low dose (2 to 5 mcg/kg/min)
    • Renal blood vessel dilation
    • Increases:
      • Heart rate
      • Myocardial contractility
      • Rate of conduction through the AV node
      • Blood pressure
  • Beta1 & Alpha1 Receptors
    • High dose (>10 mcg/kg/min)
      • Renal blood vessel vasoconstriction
    • Increases:
      • Heart rate
      • Myocardial contractility
      • Rate of conduction through the AV node
      • Blood pressure
      • Vasoconstriction
51
Q

**Dobutamine **

(Dobutrex)

A
  • Treatment of heart failure
  • Beta1 Receptors
    • Increases:
      • Heart rate
      • Myocardial contractility
      • Rate of conduction through the AV node
        *

CAPSTONE REVIEW (14 decks)

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