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CAPSTONE REVIEW > ATI sample test NOTES > Flashcards

ATI sample test NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves

A

01 Olfactory (smell)

02 Optic (vision)

03 Oculamotor (lift eyelid)

04 Trochlear (turns eye)

05 Trigeminal (3 branches: Opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular)

06 Abducent (turn eye laterally)

07 Facial (expressions)

08 Vestibulocochlear (balance and hearing)

09 Glossopharyngeal (temp, pressure on tongue)

10 Vagus (taste and constrict muscles after swallow)

11 Spinal accessory nerve (

12 Hypoglassal nerve

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2
Q

Where there is neuro changes, how will changes progress?

A
  1. LOC (earliest sign of change!)
  2. then posturing, VS and focal neuro signs follow
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3
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Can be a result of damage to hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a resut of surgery, infecin or tumor from cranial surgery

  • there will be inadequate ADH released
    • lead to POLYURIA
    • extremely low urine specific gravity (b/c so diluted 1.001 to 1.003)
      • *note > 1.03 = hypovolemia which occurs
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4
Q

Lab signs of Meningitis

A
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5
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Open angle glaucoma

Cataract

Retinal detachment

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma

  • severe pain in affected eye, blurred vision, and bulging, increased IOP may cause N/V

Open angle glaucoma

  • vision is gradually lost, peripheral. No pain.
  • dilation increases IOP, no pseudoephedrine
  • mitoics reduce the pupil, but cause impaired night vision
  • laser surgery is helpful to reestablish flow of aqueous humor

Cataract

  • clouding of the lens of eye (over black pupil), can cause blindness
  • introcular lens implant is necessary
    • after avoid lifting, bending, coughing, valsalva

Retinal detachment

  • retina at back of eye pulls away (EMERGENCY!!!)
  • Will see sudden floaters, flashes of light, and then shadow or curtain of vision field as it progresses
  • Scleral buckle needed
    • a gas bubble is injected a applies pressure to back of eye to reinforce buckle and pt s/b prone with affected eye up so that the gas bubble floats up
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6
Q

Types of Aura

(signs that seizures is imminent)

A

hearing bells

seeing lights

smelling something

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7
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

affects inner ear which controls:

balance and hearing

can cause:

  • vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus

Tell pt to avoid:

  • sudden movements and bright lights/tv/reading

Tx: diuretics

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8
Q

ALS

A

no sensory or cognitive loss

A PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENERATIVE DZ

attacks motor nerve cells in teh brain and spinal cord

Early symptoms: muscle weakness, especially distal arms and legs, speech, swallowing, breathing

Late stage: total paralysis b/c voluntary muscles affected

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9
Q

External otitis

A

swimmer’s ear

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10
Q

TIA

A

warning sign of adv atherosclerosis dz

a temporary interuption of O2 to brain d/t thromboembolism

common symptoms:

loss of vision in one eye | inability to speak | transient hemiparesis | tinnitus | vertigo | diplopia | dysphagia | numbness | weakness

NEURO DEFICIT DISAPPEARS W/IN 24HR

no permanent disability

  • Pt may have carotid endarterectmy to reduce freqency of TIA and danger of CVA
    • carotid arteries are scraped to remove plaque
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11
Q

Right vs Left CVA

How is pt impaired?

A

**RIGHT: impulsive, neglect left (can’t see or feel on left side)

**LEFT: cautious, speech is affected

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12
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated mvmts of extremiti

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13
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations vs Apneustic

A

C-S

over 1 minute, there is a 10-20 sec apnea or hypopnea, then followed by respirations of increased depth and frequency, then repeats

Apneustic

slow, w/ prolonged pause b/w inspire and expire

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14
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A

usually sustained cervical or thoracic above T6

  • mostly assoc. w/ full bladder and distended rectum
  • at risk for HTN crisis:
    • extreme HTN, bradycardia, severe throbbing h/a, flushing of face and neck
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15
Q

VS associated w/ increase ICP

A

widening pulse pressure

decreasing HR

increasing temperature

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16
Q

Somogyi effect

A

“rebound hyperglycemia”

result of poor DM mgmt

(too much insulin or not enough snack at night)

  • blood sugar drops too low in the middle of the night, so body counters by releasing hormones to raise the sugar levels
17
Q

early manifestations of hypoglycemia

A

drowsy

headache

shaky

nausea

18
Q

manifestations of hyperglycemia

A

polyuria (urine freq)

polydipsia (thirst)

Polyphagia (hunger)

anorexia

dry mouth

19
Q

What causes agromegaly?

A

too much SOMATOTROPIN hormone from pituitary gland after closure of epiphyses

  • tissues enlarge over bones of face, jaw, hands, feet, skull
20
Q

Thyroid storm s/s

A

sudden tachycardia, fever, HTN, sweating, restlessness, tremors, abdominal pain

21
Q

Mysedema

A

severe form of hypothyroidism

22
Q

Graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism

  • diarrhea
  • heat intolerance
  • anxiety
  • difficulty sleeping
  • increased appetite, but weight loss occurs
  • exophthalmos, restlessness
23
Q

Addison’s dz

A

don’t produce enough cortisol, sometimes aldosterone

**Diet: **needs to be high in salt, carbs and protein, low in potassium

Skin: bronze pigmentation of exposed and unexposed skin

24
Q

when might a pt show jaundice of face and sclera

A

hepatic, biliary, or gallbladder dz

25
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Can be a result of chronic corticosteroid use

  • complication is osteoporosis, risk of fractures
    skin: purple striae on chest and abdomen b/c that’s where the cushion :) is and it stretched the skin
26
Q

What should be monitored following a thyroidectomy?

A

for thyroid storm and hypocalcemia

  • Chvostek’s sign: facial spasm after tapping facial nerve in front of ear (indicates low Ca)
  • Trousseau’s sign: inflate BP cuff to pressure greater than SBP and hold for 3 minutes to occlude brachial artery. –> if low in Ca it will cause neuromuscular irritiability and induce spasm in hand and forearm
27
Q

When is a VMA test needed?

(vanillylmandelic acid)

A

this is 24hr urine test

for PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

these benign tumors cause excell Epi and NE which regulate HR and BP

**dump first void and keep last.

28
Q

HgbA1c

Urine sugar test

Glucose tolerance test

3-hr glucose testing

Fasting serum glucose test

A

HgbA1c: tells if pt compliant

Urine sugar: tells if controlled in last few hours

Glucose tolerance: used to diagnose type 2 DM

3-hr: to confirm if glucose tolerance test positive

Fasting: info for previous 24h

29
Q

sign if increasing ICP

A

widing of pulse pressure (SBP-DBP)

increased temp

decreasing HR

30
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Causes fatigue of the muscles due to an autoimmune disease that affects the acetylcholine receptors that primarily affects the face and throat.

Pt is at risk for aspiration.

31
Q

Guillain-Barre

A

rapid onset of ascending weakness and paralysis

but begins with weakness in lower extremities

CAPSTONE REVIEW (14 decks)

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