candida

Question 1

a commensal organism that lives in

Answer 1

50% of individuals mouth and GI tracts

Question 2

20% of women have it within

Answer 2

genital tract

Question 3

three main types of Candida

Answer 3

albicans
tropicalis
glabrata

Question 4

superficial infections caused by candida

Answer 4

vagina, mouth, penis, skins and nails

Question 5

predisposing factors

Answer 5

normal individuals, antibiotics, diabetes, pregnancy

Question 6

75%

Answer 6

of women have at least one vaginal infection

Question 7

5-8% have

Answer 7

4 episodes a year

Question 8

deep seated disseminated infections occur

Answer 8

single organs or widespread

Question 9

predisposing factors of deep seated infections

Answer 9

immunocompromised hosts,neutropenia, organ and bone marrow transplants, major urns, abdominal surgetr, catheters

Question 10

33% of

Answer 10

bone marrow transplant cases will get the infection, with a mortality of 30-50%.

Question 11

what is virulence

Answer 11

ability to cause disease- a continuous variable defining strains within a species

Question 12

violence is significant impacted by

Answer 12

host response

Question 13

damage from candidias results form

Answer 13

a range of host pathogen interactions e.g. if the host response to not significant enough, then damage is due to microbial factors, however if the host immune system over reacts, then the damage is caused by the host

Question 14

how can virulence factors be identified

Answer 14

reverse genetics- candidate gene approach

forward genetics- genome wide approach

Question 15

confirmation of virulence using Koch postualtes

Answer 15

• disrupts target gene to create mutant strain
• demonstrates attenuated virulence of mutant
• reintrodurciton of gene restores virulence

Question 16

in a candida albicans infection what is importnant

Answer 16

the host- in immunocompirimes host

Question 17

C.albicans virulence is

Answer 17

multi-factorial and pdiases occurs due to host-pathogen interaction

Question 18

stages of candida infection

Answer 18

1) adhesion and colonisation
2) epithelia penetration
3) vascular dissemination
4) endothelial colonisation and penetration

Question 19

virulence factors of candida

Answer 19

• adhesion to host surface
• invasion and penetration epithelial
• obtaining nutrients
• opposing host defences

Question 20

host defences to candida

Answer 20

• flushing mechanism

- phagocytosis and killing

Question 21

candida albicans

Answer 21

diploid organism, largely asexual, polymorphic, primary cause candidosis

Question 22

quorum sensing of candida

Answer 22

high cell densities- promote yeast growth

Question 23

hyphal growth promoted

Answer 23

at less than 35 degrees and low oxygen levels

Question 24

hyphae

Answer 24

tissue penetration - causes invasion an tissue damage and allows escape fro,

Question 25

yeas

Answer 25

vascular dissemination

Question 26

which cell surface protein plays a key role in adhesion

Answer 26

mannoproteins- enriched in cell surface (outer layer)

Question 27

C.albicans ALS family

Answer 27

Agglutinin like sequence family of cell wall proteins. 8 members in .albicans (ALS1-7,9) share a common structure

Question 28

ALS3 is especially important for

Answer 28

adhesion

Question 29

two main routes of invasion and penetration

Answer 29

induced endocytosis and active penetration

Question 30

C.albicans bioflms

Answer 30

form on a variety of ionic and abiotic surfaces. Structured assemblies encased one extracellular matrix- display inherent resistance to antigun gals and host defences

Question 31

biofilms allows for

Answer 31

quorum sentence and polymicrobial interactions which impact formation

Question 32

c. albicans

Answer 32

exploit iron from the host to use as a food and growth resource