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MOD I Exam II > cancers 0 > Flashcards

cancers 0 Flashcards

1
Q

A malignancy that occurs in the parenchyma is usually ______, whereas a tumor that occurs in the stroma is usually ________

A

carcinoma

sarcoma

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2
Q

What cells do undergo metaplasia and metastasize?

What cells do not?

A

Do: precursor stem cells

Do not: mature differentiated cells, heart cells and nerve cells

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3
Q

What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that arises in glands or forms glandular like patterns

A

What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that has visible finer-like warty projections

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4
Q

What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that arises in glands or forms glandular like patterns and FORMS LARGE CYTSTIC MASSES

A

Cystadenomas

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5
Q

What is tumor that produces papillary patterns and protrudes into cystic spaces?

A

Papillary cystenadenomas

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6
Q

What is a polyp?

A

a bengin OR malignant neoplasm that protrudes from mucosal surface => gastric or colonic lumen.

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7
Q

What is are 5 exceptions to the rule that benign tumors end in oma?

A

Following are malignant:

1. melanoma: 
2, lymphomas 
3, mesothelioma 
4. Seninoma
5. gliomas
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8
Q

a mesenchymal MALIGNANT tumor that is from blood forming cellls (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) or hematopoeitc cells (primary lymphocytes of myeloid cells)

A

leukemias

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9
Q

a mesenchymal MALIGNANT tumor that is from lymphocytes (B and T cells )

A

Lymphoma

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10
Q

Carcinomas are derived from where

A

3 germ cell layers: mainly endoderm and ectoderm

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11
Q

______ are a malignant tumor that is derived from mesenchyme

A

sarcomas

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12
Q

What is the most common cancer in kids?

A

acute lymphocyte leukemia

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13
Q

Most carcinomas affect what?

A

epithelium

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14
Q

Cancer where tumor cells look like stratified squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

What malignant tumors INVADE early, but rarely metastasize?

A
  1. Gliomas

2. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

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16
Q

Adenocarcinomas are most common in what organs?

A
  1. Lung adenocarcinoma
  2. Prostate adenocarcinoma
  3. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  4. Esophogeal adenocarcinoma
  5. Colorectal adenocarcinoma
  6. Gastric adenocarcarcinomas
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17
Q

Most cervical cancers are what?

A

squamous cell cancers

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18
Q

Most breast cancers are what?

A

invasive ductal carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)

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19
Q

If a patient presents with thrombocytopenia (decrease in BCs), what cancer should we suspect?

A

Acute lymphocyte leukemia

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20
Q

most common lung cancers

A

adenocarcinoma > squamous cell carcinoma >small cell carcinoma > large

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21
Q

where do teratomas most often occur

A

ovary and testes

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22
Q

What is a type of teratoma

What lines does it differentiate from?

A

Ovarian cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

ectodermal

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23
Q

What benign tumors do NOT have a capsule around them. which prevents invasion

A

hemangiomas

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24
Q

What cancers are more likely to invade via carcinoma in situ

A

skin
breast
cervix

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25
Q

What cancers usually metasttsize via direct seeding?

A
  1. Ovarian carcinomas

2. Mucus secreting appendecial carcinomas (pseudomyxomas peritonei)

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26
Q

What is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination (metastasis) of carcinomas?

A

lymphatic spread

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27
Q

What cancers typically metasize via blood?

A

Sarcomas

but some carcinomas

  1. renal cell (kidney carcinoma = venously
  2. hepatocellular (liver) carcinoma = venously
  3. thyroid and prostate
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28
Q

Does anatomic location often explain how cancer spreads?

Breast cancer:
Bronchiogenic cancers:
Neuroblastoma

A

breast cancers => bone

bronchiogenic cancers => brain and adrenal glands

Neuroblastomas => bone and liver

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29
Q

DEVELOPED NATIONS (2014)

What are the most common tumors in Men?

Woman?

A

Men: prostate, lung and colon/rectum

Women: breast, lung and colon/rectum

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30
Q

DEVELOPING NATIONS (2014)

What are the most common tumors in Men?

Woman?

A

M: Lung, stomach and liver

F: Breast, cervix and lung

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31
Q

What is responsible for a

large majority of cervical carcinoma

increasing fraction of head and neck cancers?

A

HPV

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32
Q

what infectious agents are associated with

LUNG CARCINOMA (only)?

A
  1. Berrylium (missle fules and space vehicles)
  2. Chromium (metal alloys)
  3. Radon and its decay
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33
Q

What cancer is associated with cadmium (i.e., yellow pigments and phosphors; used in batteries, etc.)?

A

Prostate carcinoma

34
Q

What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride (i.e., refrigerant, vinyl polymers, plastic adhesives, etc.)?

A

hepatic angiosarcomas

35
Q

Nickel?

A

lung carcinoma

oropharyngeal carcinoma

36
Q

arsenic

A

lung and skin carcinoma

37
Q

Most CARCINOMAS occur when

A

after 55

38
Q

Tumors d/t chronic inflammation are usually what type?

A

CARCINOMAS,

but can be [mesotheliomas] and lymphomas

39
Q

what BENIGN neoplasm is at risk to become malignant?

A

chronic villous adenoma

40
Q

Patiens who are immunodefieient are more at risk for what kinds of cancers?

A

Viral cancers

41
Q

Mutation in P450 loci => increase risk for what cancer?

A

lung cancer in smokers

thus, sporadic cancers show tha tthey involve a inherited mutation

42
Q

How does one mainly acquire lung cancer?

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

85% of ppl with lung cancer smoked

43
Q

microcytic hypochromic anemia: most common site is where

A

large bowel

44
Q

usually kids do NOT do well with sarcomas; but they do do well with what?

A

fibrosarcomas

45
Q

PDGFB

A

astrocytoma and glioblastoma

46
Q

ERBB1

A

lund adenocarcinoma

47
Q

ERBB2

A

HER2

Breast adenocarcinoma

48
Q

most common benign tumor in breast

A

fibroadenoma

49
Q

Where are leiomyomas most common

A

uterus

50
Q

describe a melanoma

A

malignant

darkly pigmented

51
Q

“large, irregular and ulcerative” thik what?

A

cancer

52
Q

blah blah blah “lyphmphatic spread” , think what?

A

carcinomas

53
Q

What is a intraductal carcinoma

A

a cancer that has NOT invaded

54
Q

Infiltrating carcinoma

A

cancer that HAS invaded

55
Q

leukoplakia

A

thickening of squamous in oral cavity, penis and vulva

56
Q

cervix

A

squamous cell carcinoma d/t HPV

57
Q

oral cavity

A

suqamout cell carcinoma d/t HPV

58
Q

head and neck

A

squamous cell carcinom d/t HPV

59
Q

vagina

A

squamous cell carcinoma

60
Q

penis

A

squamou cell carcinoma

61
Q

squamous cell cancer most common in

A 
vagina
penis 
oral cavity
head and neck
cervix
62
Q

aflalatoxin

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

63
Q

testes

A

seninomas (germ cell cancer)

64
Q

Stomach + Hypylor can cause

A

lymphoma

65
Q

desmoplasia is common in what cancer

A

breast

66
Q

If you see small dark cells in the dermis of the biopsy, what are they d.t

A

CD8+

67
Q

What is the MAJOR responder to malignant cells?

A

CD8+

68
Q

does CIS have capacity for malignancy?

what do we call it

A

no

it is pre-neoplastic

69
Q

borderline means what?

A

uncertain malignant potential

70
Q

in a question, if you see the word “MASS”, what is that telling us?

A

SOLID TUMOR

do not pick leukemia or lymphoma

71
Q

In a question, if you see the word “keratinocytes” , what is it telling us?

A

SQUAMOUS CELL

72
Q

breast

A

invasive ductal carcinoma, a type of adenocarcinoma

73
Q

where do adenocarcinomas NOT occur?

A

testes; seninoma (germ cell)

74
Q

high WBC count, normal platelet count with some dysmorphic form

what do we think?

A

leukemia

platelets are normal bc they are derived from MEGAkaryocytes

75
Q

BM/LN

A

leukemias and lymphomas

76
Q

how can we differentiate from leukemia and bacterial infection in a question?

A

Leukemia: high WBC, normal platelet

infection: high WBC and high platelet (d/t L shift)

77
Q

EBV often invades what cells to cause what?

A

B cells
also has tropism for squamous cells

hoghkines lymphoma

78
Q

in follicular lyphoma

WBC:
Predominant population of:

A

high

lymphocytes and platelets

79
Q

if we see expanded BM/lymphoid organs/ this means?

A

B cell typr of cancer

80
Q

What malignancy is assx with salient LOF protein and high VHL levels

A

renal cell carcinoma (medulla

81
Q

pelvic of the kidney

A

transitional cell carcinom

82
Q

medulla and cortex of kidney

A

renal cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)

MOD I Exam II (16 decks)

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