cancers 0 Flashcards
A malignancy that occurs in the parenchyma is usually ______, whereas a tumor that occurs in the stroma is usually ________
carcinoma
sarcoma
What cells do undergo metaplasia and metastasize?
What cells do not?
Do: precursor stem cells
Do not: mature differentiated cells, heart cells and nerve cells
What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that arises in glands or forms glandular like patterns
What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that has visible finer-like warty projections
What is a benign epithelial neoplasm that arises in glands or forms glandular like patterns and FORMS LARGE CYTSTIC MASSES
Cystadenomas
What is tumor that produces papillary patterns and protrudes into cystic spaces?
Papillary cystenadenomas
What is a polyp?
a bengin OR malignant neoplasm that protrudes from mucosal surface => gastric or colonic lumen.
What is are 5 exceptions to the rule that benign tumors end in oma?
Following are malignant:
1. melanoma: 2, lymphomas 3, mesothelioma 4. Seninoma 5. gliomas
a mesenchymal MALIGNANT tumor that is from blood forming cellls (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) or hematopoeitc cells (primary lymphocytes of myeloid cells)
leukemias
a mesenchymal MALIGNANT tumor that is from lymphocytes (B and T cells )
Lymphoma
Carcinomas are derived from where
3 germ cell layers: mainly endoderm and ectoderm
______ are a malignant tumor that is derived from mesenchyme
sarcomas
What is the most common cancer in kids?
acute lymphocyte leukemia
Most carcinomas affect what?
epithelium
Cancer where tumor cells look like stratified squamous epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma
What malignant tumors INVADE early, but rarely metastasize?
- Gliomas
2. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Adenocarcinomas are most common in what organs?
- Lung adenocarcinoma
- Prostate adenocarcinoma
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- Esophogeal adenocarcinoma
- Colorectal adenocarcinoma
- Gastric adenocarcarcinomas
Most cervical cancers are what?
squamous cell cancers
Most breast cancers are what?
invasive ductal carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
If a patient presents with thrombocytopenia (decrease in BCs), what cancer should we suspect?
Acute lymphocyte leukemia
most common lung cancers
adenocarcinoma > squamous cell carcinoma >small cell carcinoma > large
where do teratomas most often occur
ovary and testes
What is a type of teratoma
What lines does it differentiate from?
Ovarian cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)
ectodermal
What benign tumors do NOT have a capsule around them. which prevents invasion
hemangiomas
What cancers are more likely to invade via carcinoma in situ
skin
breast
cervix
What cancers usually metasttsize via direct seeding?
- Ovarian carcinomas
2. Mucus secreting appendecial carcinomas (pseudomyxomas peritonei)
What is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination (metastasis) of carcinomas?
lymphatic spread
What cancers typically metasize via blood?
Sarcomas
but some carcinomas
- renal cell (kidney carcinoma = venously
- hepatocellular (liver) carcinoma = venously
- thyroid and prostate
Does anatomic location often explain how cancer spreads?
Breast cancer:
Bronchiogenic cancers:
Neuroblastoma
breast cancers => bone
bronchiogenic cancers => brain and adrenal glands
Neuroblastomas => bone and liver
DEVELOPED NATIONS (2014)
What are the most common tumors in Men?
Woman?
Men: prostate, lung and colon/rectum
Women: breast, lung and colon/rectum
DEVELOPING NATIONS (2014)
What are the most common tumors in Men?
Woman?
M: Lung, stomach and liver
F: Breast, cervix and lung
What is responsible for a
large majority of cervical carcinoma
increasing fraction of head and neck cancers?
HPV
what infectious agents are associated with
LUNG CARCINOMA (only)?
- Berrylium (missle fules and space vehicles)
- Chromium (metal alloys)
- Radon and its decay
What cancer is associated with cadmium (i.e., yellow pigments and phosphors; used in batteries, etc.)?
Prostate carcinoma
What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride (i.e., refrigerant, vinyl polymers, plastic adhesives, etc.)?
hepatic angiosarcomas
Nickel?
lung carcinoma
oropharyngeal carcinoma
arsenic
lung and skin carcinoma
Most CARCINOMAS occur when
after 55
Tumors d/t chronic inflammation are usually what type?
CARCINOMAS,
but can be [mesotheliomas] and lymphomas
what BENIGN neoplasm is at risk to become malignant?
chronic villous adenoma
Patiens who are immunodefieient are more at risk for what kinds of cancers?
Viral cancers
Mutation in P450 loci => increase risk for what cancer?
lung cancer in smokers
thus, sporadic cancers show tha tthey involve a inherited mutation
How does one mainly acquire lung cancer?
ENVIRONMENTAL
85% of ppl with lung cancer smoked
microcytic hypochromic anemia: most common site is where
large bowel
usually kids do NOT do well with sarcomas; but they do do well with what?
fibrosarcomas
PDGFB
astrocytoma and glioblastoma
ERBB1
lund adenocarcinoma
ERBB2
HER2
Breast adenocarcinoma
most common benign tumor in breast
fibroadenoma
Where are leiomyomas most common
uterus
describe a melanoma
malignant
darkly pigmented
“large, irregular and ulcerative” thik what?
cancer
blah blah blah “lyphmphatic spread” , think what?
carcinomas
What is a intraductal carcinoma
a cancer that has NOT invaded
Infiltrating carcinoma
cancer that HAS invaded
leukoplakia
thickening of squamous in oral cavity, penis and vulva
cervix
squamous cell carcinoma d/t HPV
oral cavity
suqamout cell carcinoma d/t HPV
head and neck
squamous cell carcinom d/t HPV
vagina
squamous cell carcinoma
penis
squamou cell carcinoma
squamous cell cancer most common in
vagina penis oral cavity head and neck cervix
aflalatoxin
hepatocellular carcinoma
testes
seninomas (germ cell cancer)
Stomach + Hypylor can cause
lymphoma
desmoplasia is common in what cancer
breast
If you see small dark cells in the dermis of the biopsy, what are they d.t
CD8+
What is the MAJOR responder to malignant cells?
CD8+
does CIS have capacity for malignancy?
what do we call it
no
it is pre-neoplastic
borderline means what?
uncertain malignant potential
in a question, if you see the word “MASS”, what is that telling us?
SOLID TUMOR
do not pick leukemia or lymphoma
In a question, if you see the word “keratinocytes” , what is it telling us?
SQUAMOUS CELL
breast
invasive ductal carcinoma, a type of adenocarcinoma
where do adenocarcinomas NOT occur?
testes; seninoma (germ cell)
high WBC count, normal platelet count with some dysmorphic form
what do we think?
leukemia
platelets are normal bc they are derived from MEGAkaryocytes
BM/LN
leukemias and lymphomas
how can we differentiate from leukemia and bacterial infection in a question?
Leukemia: high WBC, normal platelet
infection: high WBC and high platelet (d/t L shift)
EBV often invades what cells to cause what?
B cells
also has tropism for squamous cells
hoghkines lymphoma
in follicular lyphoma
WBC:
Predominant population of:
high
lymphocytes and platelets
if we see expanded BM/lymphoid organs/ this means?
B cell typr of cancer
What malignancy is assx with salient LOF protein and high VHL levels
renal cell carcinoma (medulla
pelvic of the kidney
transitional cell carcinom
medulla and cortex of kidney
renal cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
