cancer 1 Flashcards
suffix -blast means what?
a familial cancer (inherited/genetic) cancer that is seen in bbs
If a patient has 1 tumor suppressor allele, can they be protected from neoplasia?
Yes. In order to cause neoplasia, you need a mutation of BOTH tumor supressors.
Is it worse to have a mutation in 1 proto-oncogene or 1 tumor suppressor cell.
1 protooncogene. 1 proto-oncogene CANNOT protect us against cancer.
In order to cause a cancer, we need to lose BOTH tumor suppressors.
WE NEED BOTH PROTOONCOGENES
What is MYC
What pathway does it work through?
MYC is a protooncogen, located in the nucleus that codes for transcription factors, that activates the expression of pro-growth genes and cyclins => allow the tumor to have growth autonomy
Works through the RAS/MAPK pathway
What 5 things does MYC do when activated?
- increase the expression of pro-growth genes and cyclins
- allow the tumor to have growth autonomy
- Increase the expression of telomerase
- work with other transcription factors to reprogram somatic cells => pluripotent cells.
- At least partially responsible for the Warburg effect
What does Dr. Putthoff consider MYC to be?
The master transcription regulator of cell growth
c-MYC
Mechanism: t(8:14), a translocation that involves IgH
Assx tumor: Burkitts lymphoma (B-cell lymphoma)
L-MYC
Mechanism: amplification
Assx tumor: lung cancer (small cell carcinoma
N-MYC
Mechanism: amplification
Assx tumor: neuroblastoma
The fastest growing tumors have (name?) have the highest amounts of what?
Burkitts lymphoma
MYC
mutations of P16/INK4, CDK4, cyclin D, or any upstream regulators, can cause what to be inactive, even if there is no mutation in the gene itself?
Rb
What is considered “GUARDIAN OF THE GENOME”?
TP53; it is the CENTRAL MONITOR OF STRESS
What is one weird thing that p53 does?
inhibit angiogenesis
Inheritance of p53
AD
Ppl wih Li-Fraumeni syndrome are more prone to get what cancers
SBLA
sarcomas
brain tumors/ breast cancer
leukemia
adrenal gland carcinoma
What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome (mneuomic)?
Familial form of TP53 (inherited one mutated TP53; acquired another) => li fraumeni syndrome => 25x more likely to deevlop multuple carcinomas and sarcomas by 50YO.
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SBLA cancers: sarcomas, breast/brain tumors, leukemias and adrenal CTX carcinomas
What tumors often have wild type normal p53 alleles, making them easier to cure?
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2. Testicular teratocarcinomas
What are characteristsics of familial tumors
bilateral
multicentric
CTLA 4 inhibitors are often used to treat what?
Skin melanoma
most sporadic tumors arise from what?
polyps
bladder
transtuoinal cell carinoma
