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Principles of Disease > Cancer Terminology I and II > Flashcards

Cancer Terminology I and II Flashcards

1
Q

____ is an abnormal collection of new cells resulting from genetic changes that enabled autonomous/unregulated proliferation

A

neoplasia definition

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2
Q

Every cancer cell having the same initial genetic changes is known as what?

A

clonality (monoclonal)

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3
Q

What is definition of a tumor?

A

swelling

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4
Q

malignant tumor definition?

A

Can invade, destroy adjacent structures and/or metastasize

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5
Q

Benign tumor definition

A

Remain localized

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6
Q

Pseudotumor definition

A

non-neoplastic tumor (i.e. inflammation)

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7
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

neoplastic cells

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8
Q

What is tissue stroma?

A

connective tissue & blood vessels

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9
Q

What is collagenous stroma called?

A

Desmoplasia

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10
Q

What causes some tumors to feel ‘rock hard’?

A

Dense area of desmoplasia called a Scirrhous

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11
Q

MESOTHELIOMA

A

Malignant mesothelial cells

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12
Q

SEMINOMA

A

Subtype of malignant germ cells in testes

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13
Q

DYSGERMINOMA

A

Subtype of malignant germ cells in ovaries

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14
Q

What type of cancer has ‘keratin pearls’ in the histology?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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15
Q

A true papillary structure has what running through the ‘finger like projection’?

A

a blood vessel

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16
Q

SARCOMA

A

Malignant mesenchyme (soft tissue, bone, cartilage, nerve, blood vessel, fat)

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17
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

BENIGN tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

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18
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Lipoma

A

BENIGN tumor of fat cells

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20
Q

Liposarcoma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of fat cells

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21
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

Malignant lymphoid tissue or lymphoid cells (actually IN a lymph node)

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22
Q

LEUKEMIA

A

Malignant white blood cells floating in the blood stream (liquid tumor)

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23
Q

PLASMACYTOMA

A

MALIGNANT plasma cells in one place only

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24
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

MALIGNANT plasma cells in multiple places at the same time

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25
Q

MELANOMA

A

Malignant melanocytes

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26
Q

NEVUS/Moles

A

BENIGN proliferation of melanocytes

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27
Q

GLIOMA

A

Malignant brain/CNS

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28
Q

Glioblastoma

A

MALIGNANT (and high grade) tumor of astrocytes

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29
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

MALIGNANT tumor of oligodendroglial cells

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30
Q

Meningioma

A

BENIGN tumor of meningeal cells.

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31
Q

POLYP

A

Macroscopic projection above a mucosal surface

32
Q

What cancer has a rat bite appearance?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

33
Q

CARCINOMA

A

Epithelial derived

34
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant glands

35
Q

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma

A

malignant finger-like projections in a tumor derived from glands making a cyst

36
Q

CHORIOCARCINOMA

A

malignant placental origin

37
Q

Single clone with different lines of differentiation (at least two histologic “looks”)

A

Mixed Tumor

38
Q

gastric heterotopia of the esophagus: Perfectly normal stomach cells, usually somewhere in the mid-esophagus is an example of what kind of tumor?

A

CHORISTOMA

39
Q

ANAPLASIA

A

Lack of differentiation

40
Q

Low grade cancer relates to what in terms of differentiation?

A

highly differentiated

41
Q

high grade cancer relates to what in terms of differentiation?

A

poorly differentiated

42
Q

PLEOMORPHISM

A

Many sizes, many shapes of tumor cells. Poor uniformity.

43
Q

Abnormal nuclear features of cancer (3)

A

HYPERCHROMASIA due to excess chromatin Increased NUCLEAR:CYTOPLASMIC (N:C) RATIO Large nucleoli

44
Q

neoplasia definition

A

____ is an abnormal collection of new cells resulting from genetic changes that enabled autonomous/unregulated proliferation

45
Q

Malignant mesothelial cells

A

MESOTHELIOMA

46
Q

Subtype of malignant germ cells in testes

47
Q

Subtype of malignant germ cells in ovaries

A

DYSGERMINOMA

48
Q

Malignant mesenchyme (soft tissue, bone, cartilage, nerve, blood vessel, fat)

49
Q

BENIGN tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

50
Q

MALIGNANT tumor trying to be skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

51
Q

BENIGN tumor of fat cells

52
Q

MALIGNANT tumor of fat cells

A

Liposarcoma

53
Q

Malignant lymphoid tissue or lymphoid cells (actually IN a lymph node)

54
Q

Malignant white blood cells floating in the blood stream (liquid tumor)

55
Q

MALIGNANT plasma cells in one place only

A

PLASMACYTOMA

56
Q

MALIGNANT plasma cells in multiple places at the same time

A

Multiple Myeloma

57
Q

Malignant melanocytes

58
Q

BENIGN proliferation of melanocytes

A

NEVUS/Moles

59
Q

Malignant brain/CNS

60
Q

MALIGNANT (and high grade) tumor of astrocytes

A

Glioblastoma

61
Q

MALIGNANT tumor of oligodendroglial cells

A

Oligodendroglioma

62
Q

BENIGN tumor of meningeal cells.

A

Meningioma

63
Q

Epithelial derived

64
Q

malignant glands

A

Adenocarcinoma

65
Q

malignant finger-like projections in a tumor derived from glands making a cyst

A

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma

66
Q

malignant placental origin

A

CHORIOCARCINOMA

67
Q

Lack of differentiation

68
Q

What does loss of polarity mean in terms of cancer architecture?

A

In normal cells with a specific orientation (nucleus AWAY from the lumen), tumor cells get the orientation wrong (cells may have nuclei close to the lumen)

69
Q

What characterizes Carcinoma In Situ? (3)

A

Marked pleomorphism

Full thickness changes in the epithelium

No invasion of basement membrane

70
Q

__ is less prognostically significant than ___

A

Grade is less prognostically significant than stage

71
Q

Describe the staging system for cancer and which factor is most important prognostically?

A

TMN

Tumor

Metastasis

(Lymph) Node Involvement

Metastisis is most important prognostically

72
Q

What limits rate of growth of cancer? (3)

A
  1. DOUBLING TIME
  2. GROWTH FRACTON: Fraction of cells replicating
  3. Rate cells are shed or die
73
Q

Chemotherapy targets what type of cells?

A

rapidly proliferating cells

74
Q

Compare rate of growth of well differentiated vs poorly differentiated tumors

A

Poorly differentiated tumors have faster rate of growth than well differentiated

75
Q

How does menopause or pregnancy affect size of a cancer of the uterus?

A

pregnancy enhances the cancer while menopause shrinks it

76
Q

What gene is used in cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of 􏰅responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time).

A

MDR-1

(Multi-Drug Resistance)-1 Gene

77
Q

Explain the Warburg Effect (2 steps)

A

Tumors lack oxygen dependent ATP generation from mitochondria and rely on aerobic glycolysis

Use large amounts of glucose regardless of O2 levels

Principles of Disease (8 decks)

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