cancer staging Flashcards
there are 4 stages of cancer what are they
I - small tumour locally contained
2- larger tumour locally contained
3- lymph node involvement
4- metastatic disease
A 66y/o woman presents, as she is worried about the possibility of having bowel cancer. She has a 6-month history of bloating, discomfort, alongside unintentional weight loss. Her cousin has recently been diagnosed with bowel cancer, and this has prompted her presentation.
what is first line investigation
where is the most likely site of the cancer
PR and focal tests
rectum - so descending side
a 65y/o woman who has smoked heavily for nearly 30 years was seen in surgical outpatient clinic complaining of chronic cough, dyspnoea, and two recent episodes of haemoptysis.
whatshoudl you do
urgent referral for chest xray
A 54y/o man is brought to ED following a fall in the local supermarket. He is acutely confused and unaccompanied, so history is not available. O/E the doctor notes digital clubbing and signs of a right-sided pleural effusion. The patient is euvolaemic.
small cell carcinoma
A 60y/o woman presents with progressive leg weakness, which gets better with physical activity, blurred vision and a dry mouth. She has a past medical history of small cell lung cancer. O/E there is a significant postural drop in blood pressure on standing.
Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndorme LEMS
A 63 y/o man presents with nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort and weight loss over the last 2 months. He describes postprandial fullness, loss of appetite and offensively smelling faeces. He has a long-standing history of heartburn. He is under investigation for iron deficiency anaemia.
what is most likely diagnosis
gastric adenocarcinoma
A 54 y/o man presents with a progressively worsening dysphagia, which is worse for food than liquid. He has lost several kilos in weight and, on examination, is cachetic. His past medical history is significant for poorly-managed GORD and ulcerative colitis. He is an active smoker (20/day for 35 years) and drinks a couple of pints every evening.
next best stepping management
Refer urgently for an Oesophagastroduodenoscopy (OGD)
A 54 y/o man presents with a progressively worsening dysphagia, which is worse for food than liquid. He has lost several kilos in weight and, on examination, is cachetic. His past medical history is significant for poorly-managed GORD and ulcerative colitis. He is an active smoker (20/day for 35 years) and drinks a couple of pints every evening.
what is the strongest risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma
barrets oesophagus
A 84 y/o man presents with a progressive shortness of breath, temperature, tachycardia, altered state of consciousness and foul-smelling sputum. He recently underwent radical chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer.
aspiration pneumonia
