Cancer Rehabilitation Flashcards
(39 cards)
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for cancer?
Age Genetics Epigenetics Immunosuppression Radiation Sunlight
What are modifiable risk factors for cancer?
Alcohol Cancer causing substances Chronic inflammation Diet Hormones Immunosuppression Infectious agents Obesity Radiation Sunlight Tobacco
What is proliferation for normal cell characteristics?
- increase in cell number
- regulated by growth factors
- Cells go through cycle (controlled by cell inhibitor, to prevent excessive growth)
What is differentiations for normal cell characteristics?
- Cells become “Specialized” to carry out particular functions (specific structure and function)
What limits the # of cell divisions?
Dictated by telomeres
What is contact inhibition?
When cells touch each other, shut off
Describe carcinogenesis and what it breaks down into? (2 parts)
Can lead to genetic alterations or epigenetic alterations
What are genetic alterations from carcinogenesis?
Point mutation
SNP
Copy # variants (loss of heterozygozity (LOH), homo deletion, gain copy #)
ALL leads to STRUCTURE changes
What are epigenetic alterations from carcinogenesis?
Micro RNA
DNA methylation
Histone Modifications (acetlyation, methylation, sumolation, ubiquination, phosphorlyation)
All lead to FUNCTION changes
What is a tumor?
Abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. May be benign or malignant. Also called neoplasm
What are the cellular or tumor characteristics of cancer? (3)
- Abnormality
- Uncontrollability
- Invasiveness
Describe the types of carcinogenic drivers
- Proto-oncongene
- Oncogene
- Tumor suppressor gene
What is a Proto-onconogene?
A gene involved in normal cell growth (regulation in a normal cell cycle)
Mutations may cause it to become an oncogene, which cause the growth of tumor cells
What is an oncogene?
Mutated proto-onconogene
What does a tumor suppression gene do?
- negative regulator of growth factor stimulation
- controls cell growth and division
- Suppress or block the development of cancer
- Anti-onconogene
- activation or mutation of tumor suppressor genes results in carcinogenesis
How do you find the prevalence of a disease? Difference between point and period prevalence?
of cases / everyone at risk for a disease
Point prevalence - Count only those alive in particular date in time
Period prevalence - counts all cases including new cases and dates between 2 dates (BETTER MEASURE OF THE DIEASE LOAD)
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence rates?
Prevalence = All cases
Incidence rates = New Cases
- Frequency of occurrence of NEW cases of disease or injury in a population over a specific period of time
What are the most common cancers in the world?
Prostate & Breast cancer Colorectal (2nd most consistent for death) Lung (most consistent for death) M/F Stomach Corpus uteri Bladder Cervix Liver Thyroid
What is the Mortality Rate? What is the denominator
Frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during specified interval
Denominator = Avg population
What are the 2 cancers with most death for men and women?
Male: Lung + Colon + Prostate
Women: Lung + breast + colon
What are the most common cancers for children and when are they usually diagnosed?
- Acute Lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Brain and other CNS tumors
- Neuroblastoma
Avg age Dx: 6 years
What are the high risk populations for cancer?
- Heavy Alcohol use
- Older Adults (cancer is aging disease) #1 risk factor
- Exposure to cancer causing substances
- Obese persons BMI > 30
- high inflammatory dietary habits
- Cancer survivors
- Radiation exposure + treatment
- Persons w/ immunosuppression
- Exposure to tobacco or smoke
What should women and men get screened for breast/prostate cancer?
Breast: age 50-74 biennial screening
Prostate: 55-69 years old PSA
What should a person get screened for lung cancer?
Low dose computed tomography smoked in age 55-80 who have 30 year smoking and currently smoke or have quit in the past 15 years
