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Cancer Y2 > Cancer Pathology > Flashcards

Cancer Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Are benign tumours cancer

A

No

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2
Q

Are malignant tumours cancer

A

Yes

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3
Q

What controls whether a tumour is benign or malignant

A

Number and type of mutation

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4
Q

How do begins tumours grow

A

Expansion

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5
Q

How do malignant tumours grow

A

Expansion and infiltration

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6
Q

Which type of tumour can metastasise

A

Malignant

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7
Q

What type of cancer is curable by surgery

A

Benign

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8
Q

Why are benign tumours usually oval or spherical but malignant tumours are usually irregular

A

Benign are usually encapsulated
Malignant are non encapsulated

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9
Q

Which type of tumour grows faster

A

Malignant

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10
Q

How well differentiated are benign and malignant tumour cells

A

Benign well differentiated
Malignant poorly differentiated

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11
Q

Do malignant or benign tumours have a higher mitotic rate

A

Malignant

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12
Q

Visual characteristics of malignant melanoma

A

Asymmetrical
Uneven borders
2+ colours
Larger than 1/4 inch

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13
Q

6 stages of tumour development

A

Oncogene activation
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Metastasis

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14
Q

Histological characteristics of cancer

A

High nuclear:cytoplasmic ration
Prominent nucleoli
Absent basal cell layer
Hyperchromasia
Disorganised cytoarchitecture

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15
Q

What causes ischemic necrosis in tumours

A

Insufficient nutrient and oxygen supply

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16
Q

Histological appearance of a well differentiated neoplasm

A

Resembles mature cells of tissue of origin

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17
Q

Histological appearance of poorly differentiated neoplasms

A

Primitive cells w little differentiation

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18
Q

Are how well differentiated are benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign - well
Malignant - poorly

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19
Q

What is cancer grading based on

A

Degree of anaplasia
Rate of growth

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20
Q

Cancer grades and their meaning

A

Grade I - <25% anaplastic
Grade II - 25-50% anaplastic
Grade III - 50-75% anaplastic
Grade IV - >75% anaplastic
GX - grade can’t be assessed

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21
Q

What type of cancer is graded using the Gleason score

A

Prostate

22
Q

What is cancer stages based on

A

Tumour size
Growth extent/spread

23
Q

What is assessed using TNM staging

A

T - tumour - size and spread
N - nodes - 0= none 3=many
M - metastasis - 0=no 1=yes

24
Q

What is a major histological characteristic of grade 1 invasive lobular carcinoma in the breast

A

Invasive cells in single file lines or single cells

25
Q

Abnormal cancer cell morphology

A

Hyperchromasia
Chromatin clumping in nucleus
Prominent nucleoli
Little cytoplasm
Incr nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Frequent mitosis

26
Q

What causes Hyperchromasia

A

Fast DNA synthesis

27
Q

Types of abnormal mitotic figure

A

Tripolar
Quadripolar
Multipolar spindles

28
Q

Why are increased number of mitotic figures seen in cancerous tissue

A

High proliferation rate

29
Q

Histological Characteristics of anaplastic tissue

A

Varied cell shape and size
Cellular pleomorphism
Nuclear pleomorphism
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Tumour giant cells

30
Q

Types of tumour dissemination

A

Haematogenous
Lymphatic

31
Q

Process of metastasis

A

Vascularisation -> cells detach -> BM degradation -> intravasion into vessels -> circulation -> extravasion into tissues -> secondary tumour formation

32
Q

How do cells enter and leave blood and lymphatic vessels

A

Enter by intravasion
Leave by extravasion

33
Q

Disruption to function of which proteins enhances tumour migration

A

Integrins

34
Q

What do tumour cells interact with in the bloodstream to increase survival

A

Activated olatelets

35
Q

What are the 3 stages of metastases formation of tumour cells once in a secondary tissue

A

Pre metastatic niche
Micrometastasis
Metastatic colonization

36
Q

Why is E cadherin downregulated in metastatic breast cancer

A

Decreases adherence to ECM allowing metastasis

37
Q

Why is BRCA downregulated in metastatic breast cancer

A

Prevent DNA repair

38
Q

Why is VEGF upregulated in metastatic breast cancer

A

Increase angiogenesis to supply tumour

39
Q

Most common metastases site for breast cancer

A

Axillary lymph nodes

40
Q

Sentinel node biopsy

A

Radioactive tracer and blue dye administered near tumour site, uptake of tracer and dye in lymph node analysed to assess whether cancer present

41
Q

What are the 3 factors in histological tumour classification

A

Differentiation state - epithelial, non epithelial, mixed
Embryonic origin - ectoderm endoderm mesoderm
Biological behaviour - benign malignant

42
Q

How are benign tumours named

A

Cell origin + morphological character + oma

43
Q

What are benign tumours of fat, fibrous/connective, bone and cartilage called

A

Fat - lipoma
Fibrous/connective - Fibroma
Bone - osteoma
Cartilage - chondroma

44
Q

What are the origin cells of adenomas and papillomas

A

Adenoma - glandular epithelium
Papilloma - stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

How are malignant tumours names

A

Origin cell + morphological character + sarcoma/carcinoma

46
Q

Malignant tumours of Which cell types are termed carcinomas and sarcomas

A

Carcinoma - epithelial
Sarcoma - mesenchymal

47
Q

Malignant tumours ending in oma

A

Lymphoma, myeloma
Glioma, Neuroblastoma
Blastoma
Hepatoma
Melanoma
Seminomas

48
Q

Is leukaemia malignant or benign

A

Malignant

49
Q

What tissue do blastomas form from

A

Embryonic tissue

50
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumour comprised of cells from more than 1 germ layer

51
Q

What type of cell do teratomas form from

A

Totipotent stem cells

Cancer Y2 (11 decks)

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