Cancer/ Neoplastic Cells Flashcards by Deandra Hussey | Brainscape

Q

Malignant or benign

hepatoma

A

benign

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Q

Malignant or benign

fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant

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Q

Malignant or benign

rhabdomyoma

A

benign

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Q

Malignant or benign

glioblastoma

A

malignant

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Q

True or False

All cancer has a genetic basis, as all cancer growth occurs as a result of a mutation.

A

True

All cancer is caused by a mutation in genes during replication of cells

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Q

What is this statement describing?

Cells are highly undifferentiated and give little resemblance to cells in tissue of origin.

A

Malignant tumor cells

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Q

What is this statement describing?

Cells are highly undifferentiated and give little resemblance to cells in tissue of origin.

A

Normal cells

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Q

Angiogenesis is the ____ of blood vessels that feed cancer cells. This is an effective mechanism to promote cancerous growth and metastasis.

A

Growth

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Q

_______cells go through programmed apoptosis by shortening of telomeres and cessation of cell growth.

A

Normal

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Q

What are mutant genes that allow for autonomous cell growth? This allows for cancer cells to grow in the absence of growth promoting signals.

A

Oncogenes

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Q

Metastasis can occur through blood vessels (hematogenic) or _________ and can spread to an area of the body that is exposed to cancer cells.

A

Lymphatic system

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Q

Oncogenes take one mutation to become activated, where it takes _______mutation(s) in tumor suppressor cells for these “brakes” to no longer function.

A

2

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Q

Cells have a way to repair themselves. Once a mutation is made, ______ are caretaker genes that make repairs at checkpoints during cell division.

A

Cyclins

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Q

______in addition to environmental factors has an influence on the occurrence of oncogenesis.

A

Genetics

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Q

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer in males? (occurrence, not morality)

A

Prostate

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Q

What is it called when there is the development of other diseases/disorders that is being caused by cancer?

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

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Q

Tobacco is associated with _______ percent of all cancers.

A

30

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Q

True or False

A person who carries the BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 gene mutations has an increased risk of cancer.

A

True

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Q

Is this a risk factor for cancer?

Hep C

A

Yes

Q

Is this a risk factor for cancer?

Born prematurely

A

No

Q

Is this a risk factor for cancer?

H.Pylori

A

Yes

Q

Is this a risk factor for cancer?

Being obsese

A

Yes

Q

Is this a risk factor for cancer?

Having HIV

A

Yes

Q

What cancer does this screen for?

Mammography

A

Breast

Q

What cancer does this screen for?

PSA blood test

A

Prostate cancer

Q

What cancer does this screen for?

Cologuard

A

Colon cancer

Q

What cancer does this screen for?

pap smear

A

Cervical cancer

Q

Which is the most advanced grade/stage of cancer?

A

Stage 4

Q

True or False

I can have a blood test done to confirm that I have cancer.

A

False

Q

A patient with cancer is admitted with neutropenia and there is discussion of the “ANC”. What does the nurse understand related to the ANC?

A

It is a formula that includes WBC, neutrophils and bands.

Q

A patient tells you that he has leukemia. What type of cancer is this?

A

Cancer of the white blood cells

Q

A patient has a fatty growth on the back of her knee that hurts when she bends her knee. The patient is concerned it is cancerous. The pathology report shows it is an encapsulated collection of fatty tissue. What treatment does the nurse anticipate for this patient?

A

removal of the fatty mass

*encapsulated-think benign. Also, the report says the cells are “fatty tissue”. Benign growths the cells are the same as normal cells, just growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time.

Q

A patient with cancer had genetic testing done and found out that he has a P53 mutation. The nurse recognizes this as:

A

Tumor suppressor gene

Q

A patient with suspected cancer tells the nursing student that she feels tired all the time and has lost weight. The nursing student recognizes these symptoms of cancer occur because:

A

Cancer requires blood and nutrients to grow, which takes away from normal cells of the body.

Q

A newly diagnosed cancer patient has a tumor that measures 1 cm in size. The nurse recognizes that:

A

Typically, a 1 cm tumor is equivalent to 1 billion cells.

*Most tumors are detected at minimum when it is 1 cm in size. This starts the progression stage.

Q

A patient with breast cancer has been complaining of more frequent headaches and dizziness lately. What is the nurse’s concern?

A

The breast cancer has metastasized to the brain.

Metastasis is a big concern in every patient with cancer. Patients are routinely screened for metastasis of cancer to other parts of the body.

Q

How are tumor markers commonly used?

A

One of many modalities to determine if treatment of cancer is working.

Q

Which cancer is most advanced?

A

T4N1M4

A quick and easy way to figure this out is to look at the M, which is for metastasis. This is the most advanced and then look for the highest

Q

True or False

A patient has hepatocarcinoma. The nurse recognizes this is a benign tumor because of the name.

A

False

-“carcinoma” in the name= malignant

Q

A normal cell repairs errors in DNA made during the cell replication process through the use of:

A

Cyclins

Q

A patient has tested positive for having the BRCA-1 gene. What implications does this finding have?

A

The patient has an increased risk for developing breast and/or ovarian cancer.

Q

Why do frequent sunburns put individuals at risk for skin cancer?

A

Constant repair of injured skin leads to increased cell replication and the risk for errors in DNA.

Q

A 35-year old woman is having a preventive exam with her OB-GYN. Which test will used as a screening for cervical cancer?

A

pap smear

Q

In change-of-shift report, the nurse is told that the patient has colon cancer with metastasis to the liver. The nurse understands this information to mean:

A

The patient has colon cancer that has now moved to the liver. There are colon cancer cells growing in the liver.

Q

How does the body normally control cell replication and proliferation?

A

Contact inhibition, apoptosis, and cyclins

Q

What differentiates cancer cells from normal cells?

A

Cancer cells do not perform normal functions