Cancer Immunotherapy Flashcards
When do NK cells attack?
when the target cell has no MHC-1 expression but has activating ligands
immunologic adjuvant
a substance that helps and/or enhances the immune response; most work by activating APC’s thus enhancing the overall immune response to an antigen
usually adjuvant works via _
stimulating expression of co-stimulatory molecules (B7/CD80 for CD28 binding)
examples of adjuvants
BCG and DNCB
BCG
induces an inflammatory response by stimulating macrophages; typically injected in/around tumor to stimulate localized immune response
DNCP
serves as an allergen to induce a localized T-cell mediated immune response
problem with adjuvants
lack tumor specificity
BCG and DNCP can treat _
basal cell carcinoma
gene therapy of tumor cells
transfection of tumor cells with missing co-stim molecules or with cytokines that induce inflammatory response
problem with gene therapy
delivery of gene to all cells
cytokine therapy
giving patients IL-2, TNF, interferons
problem with cytokine therapy
consequences are not predictable and can be toxic
IL-2 therapy
can stimulate the proliferation and anti-tumor activity of CTLs
interferon therapy
upregulation of MHC expression and antigen presentation
TNF therapy
can directly kill or slow proliferation of tumor cells
monoclonal antibody therapies
immune-mediated killing, immunotoxins
immune-mediated killing
activation of Fc receptors on surface of NK cells to induce ADCC
immunotoxins
conjugation of a toxin to drug to antibody to kill tumor directly
problem with monoclonal antibodies
finding tumor specific antigens to bind to
immune checkpoint inhibitors
inhibition of PD-1, PDL-1, CTLA-4
tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
excise tumor and culture, assay for tumor recognition, and then select those cells and expand for reinfusion
problem with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
these cells will die without the appropriate amount of IL-2 so you would have to give IL-2 along with the therapy, leading to adverse effects
chimeric antigen receptors
antibody receptor with T cell cytoplasmic signaling (CD3)
