Cancer immune/tumor bio

Question 1

HTLV-1 can cause

Answer 1

T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma

Question 2

Epstein Barr Virus can cause

Answer 2

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Question 3

Hepatitis B virus can cause

Answer 3

Liver Cancer

Question 4

Papillomavirus can cause

Answer 4

uterine cervix carcinoma

Question 5

antigen expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells

Answer 5

tumor-specific antigen

Question 6

antigen expressed on tumor cells but also on normal cells

Answer 6

tumor-associated antigen

Question 7

How do you generate tumor antigen?

Answer 7

gp 100 are cut out and spliced together in the protesosome and expressed in HLA-A32

Question 8

How do NK cells and gamma-delta T cell work?

Answer 8

MICs are expressed and NK cells (NKG2D receptor) and GD T cells

Question 9

How do tumor cells circumvent MIC detection?

Answer 9

Tumor cells secrete protease that cleave MIC, which bind to NKG2D receptor, so NK cells do not detect.

Question 10

What does Tred do? especially in cancer?

Answer 10

Express TGF-Beta and IL-10, anti-inflam, controls adaptive system; favors tumor by suppressing T-Cell response

Question 11

what does gemtuzumab do?

Answer 11

AML, Ab is endocytosed by the tumor cell and cleavage of the toxin, toxin breaks DNA, tumor specific response

Question 12

What does anti-CD20 do?

Answer 12

After binding to B-cells, conjuagted to I131 and Indium 111, local radiation–damage the cells’s DNA–cell dead

Question 13

What does limitless replicative potenial depend on?

Answer 13

Evading senecence, evade mitotic crisis, capacity for self-renewal.

Question 14

Warburg effect?

Answer 14

using aerobic glycosis by upregulating GLUT1, intermediates are used for biosynthesis; Glucose hogging and (hypoxic condition) tumors glutamine hog (Krebs cycle)

Question 15

What is Desmoplasia?

Answer 15

growth of stromal component of ECM, prominent in leading edge carcinoma

Question 16

What cancer associated fibroblasts do?

Answer 16

initiation of tumor, EMT–metasis, angiogensis, sustain proliferation

Question 17

What do cancer asscoiated adipocytes?

Answer 17

Release MMPs–migration and inflitration; use as energy source; pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 18

What do endothelial cells do in cancer?

Answer 18

angiogenic cells: leukocyte recuitment, tumor growth and metastasis; evade immunosurvailance and enhance chemoresistance

Question 19

What is M1 macrophage associated with?

Answer 19

Differeniates by IFN gamma and LPS, and secretes Il-1, il-6, TNF-alpha)–important in immune defense, they are proinflammatory antimicrobial and tumoricidal; ROS tissue damage

Question 20

What is M2 macrophage associated with?

Answer 20

differentiated by il-4, il-10, il-13; anti-inflammatory, wound healing, promote tumor growth

Question 21

How to switch between M1 and M2?

Answer 21

Normoxia-M1 behavior then, hypoxia–M2 behavior

Question 22

Which one more in tumor promotion, M1 Or M2?

Answer 22

M2 as promotes angiogensis, invasion/metastasis

Question 23

Bottom line for macrophages in role cancer?

Answer 23

paracrine and autocrine signaling that enhance tumor properties

Question 24

What is ECM role in cancer?

Answer 24

tumor cell bind to ECM via integrins–motility, synthesis, and ECM releases factors that are needed for induction and proliferation of neoplastic cells and angiogenesis

Question 25

How does MMPs do in tumor cells?

Answer 25

proteolysis of substrates generate fragments that regulate pathways for invasion, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and metastasis

Question 26

How does telomerase activity affect cancer cells?

Answer 26

Increase telomerase size --replicative immortality

Question 27

What are MMPs?

Answer 27

Zinc and Ca dependent endopeptidases

Question 28

1 step of tumor cell invasion

Answer 28

Loosen cancer cell-cell interact. and basement membrane interact. E-cadherins are low/lost (colon, breast, stomach)

Question 29

2 step of tumor cell invasion

Answer 29

degrades ECM and BM (due to MMPs, Cathepsin D, plasminogen)

Question 30

3 step of tumor cell invasion

Answer 30

Attachment to new ECM components: no integrins that bind to BM , and MMPs give new sites for the tumor to attach

Question 31

4 step of tumor cell invasion

Answer 31

Invasion, propel themselves through degraded basement membrane and deeper ECM

Question 32

How does a cancer cell move?

Answer 32

produce and release automotilty--bind to collagen and ECM to move, proteolytic fragments are chemotactic--cell moves forward

Question 33

Well diff and mod diff cells move in:

Answer 33

collection as cell-cell interactions are maintained

Question 34

poor diff and anaplastic cells move in

Answer 34

single cells

Question 35

How does active intravasation of tumor cells

Answer 35

factors from tumor associated macro (TNF-alpha and chemokines), tumor cell follows

Question 36

How does passive intravasation of tumor cells

Answer 36

increased vaso permeability, increased tumor interstitial pressure push tumor cells

Question 37

How do tumor cells survive intravascularly?

Answer 37

cancer cells aggregate into clumps with RBC and platelets--enhance survival and enhance implantion to destination

Question 38

What facilitates extravasation of tumor cells?

Answer 38

tumor releases TGF b and TNF-A, increase MMPs--so selectins on cancer cells and endothelial cells

Question 39

What affects metastasis?

Answer 39

Anatomic, vascular drainage of primary tumor site, tropism of particular cancer for specific tissues

Question 40

What metastaise to brain

Answer 40

lung, breast, melanoma, renal, colorectal

Question 41

What metastaise to lung

Answer 41

renal, colorectal, melanoma, breast, sarcoma

Question 42

What metastaise to liver

Answer 42

colorectal, pancreatic, breast (ER-), lung, stomach

Question 43

What metastaise to bone

Answer 43

breast (ER+), lung, prostate, renal, colorectal

Question 44

When does EMT occur normally

Answer 44

Embryonic morphogensis, wound healing

Question 45

In Mesenchymal cells, which adhesive molecule is lost? What genes lead to this loss?

Answer 45

E-cadherins (Can also be cleaved by MMP3), SNAIL and TWIST

Question 46

What protein is increased in mesenchymal phenotype?decreased?

Answer 46

intermediate filaments (vimentin) and smooth muscle actin increases; keratin decreases

Question 47

What promotes EMT?

Answer 47

cross talk in tumor microenvrionment