cancer, hallmarks of cancer, proto-oncogenes, tumor supressors, Metastasis, tumour microenviroment, and immunotherapy (25) Flashcards
angiogenesis
formation of new blod vessels
benign
pose no to little risk because they are small and localised. eg. wart
burkitts lymphoma
cancer stem cells
tumor cells capable of seeding new tumors
carcinogen
enviromental DNA-damaging agents. can be inherited or somatic mutation that prevent DNA repair to happen fast enough
carcinoma
tumors derived from epithelial cells (endoderm cells form the gut, or ectoderm cells from the skin/neural epitelial)
CAR T cells
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
a cells ability to go from a epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell. this can a tumor cell use to get over the basement menbrane and the spread to other tissues (metastatis).
immune checkpoint pathway
immunoediting
leukemia
type of cancer where the individual cells can circulate in the blood
loss og heterozygosity (LOH)
lymphomas
malignat
tumor cells that can invade nearby tissue, spreading and making additonal tumors wihile growing itself
metastasis
when a tumor can spread througout the body
mulit-hit model
mutagen
anything that can cause a mutation/error in the DNA/DNA replication
incogene
p53 protein
gardian og the genome. responesible for causing arrest in the cell cycle if something is not right before M-phase. if eznymes can fit it the damage, the cells move on in the cell cycle. if not, p53 activates apoptosis.
ift it does not work, the cells can keep dividing even though there are DNA-damage
philadelfia chromosome
proto-oncogene
Ras-protein
GTPase switch. when Ras activates MAP kinase which can activate many TF that regulate cell proliferation. mutation in RAS can casue a constituve activation of MAP kinase pathway –> the cells thinks there are gwoth-hormone present –> they think they need go grow all the time
Rb protein
retrovirus
sarcoma
tumors derived from mesodermal tissuse ( muscle, bines, connective tissue precursors, cartelage)
telomerase
cancer cell can ipregulate telomerase expression –> they can keep dividing without dying
transformation
tumorigenesis
tumor microenviroment
the immediate enviroment (nærmljø) of the tumor
tumor supressor gene
warburg effect
“tumors consume tremendous amounts of glucose relative to most non-transformed tissues, and that the majority of glucose consumed by tumors is fermented to lactate, rather than oxidized in pathways that require respiration”
the tumor cells prefer to fermentate lactate even though there are oxygen present
SNV (single nucleotide variant or point mutation)
Indels (insertions or deletion)
SV (structural variant
SNV: where one nucleotide is switch with another
indels: insertion or deletion of one nucleotide in the DNA
SV: chromosomal rearangement, dupliations, abnomral number of chromosomes
