Cancer Diagnosis and Staging Flashcards
What does TX, NX, and/or MX mean in cancer staging?
Tumor (T), Regional Lymph Nodes (N), and/or Distant Metastasis (M) cannot be evaluated
What does T0, N0, and/or M0 mean in cancer staging?
No evidence of tumor (T), no lymph node involvement (N), and/or no distant metastasis (M)
What does Tis mean in cancer staging?
Carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells are present but not spread to neighboring tissues; not cancer but may become cancer)
What does T1 mean in cancer staging?
Tumor (T) not palpable or visible by imaging
What does T2 mean in cancer staging?
Tumor is confined to the primary site
What does T3 mean in cancer staging?
Tumor extends to neighboring tissue
What does T4 mean in cancer staging?
Metastatic disease
What does N1, N2, N3 mean in cancer staging?
Involvement of regional lymph nodes (# of nodes indicates extent of spread)
What does M1 mean in cancer staging?
Distant metastasis is present
What does GX mean in cancer staging?
Grade cannot be assessed
What does G1 mean in cancer staging?
Well-differentiated (low grade)
What does G2 mean in cancer staging?
Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
What does G3 mean in cancer staging?
Poorly differentiated (high grade)
What does G4 mean in cancer staging?
Undifferentiated (high grade)
What are the 3 phases of carcinogenesis?
- Initiation: normal cells develop DNA damage
- Promotion: initiated cells are stimulated to grow
- Progression: tumor grows rapidly and invades neighboring tissues
