Cancer Biology and Therapy Flashcards
Cancer progression is largely regulated by the [1] and [2] microenvironments.
[1] stromal
[2] immune
[1] are the specialized proteases that a primary cancer will produce to invade the epithelium locally.
Then, the cancer will produce [2] in order to stimulate angiogenesis.
[1] MMPs
[2] VEGF
[1] is the process of intraversion where a cancer cell goes from stationary to mobile in the bloodstream.
[1] EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition)
Protooncogenes undergo [1] mutations.
Gain-of-function — increase cell proliferation and survival
anti-apoptotic gene, transcription factors
Tumor Suppressors undergo [2] mutations
Loss-of-function — uncontrolled proliferation and survival
apoptosis-promoting proteins, cell cycle inhibitors
[1] dominant
[2] recessive
Tumor Suppressor Genes:
function to inhibit growth
requires both alleles be affected (LOH)
examples: [1], [2], [3], [4]
[1] p53
[2] PTEN
[3] BRCA1
[4] Rb
Familial Retinoblastoma: - child starts with [1] - mutation results in LOH Sporadic Retioblastoma: - child starts with [2]
[1] Rb+/Rb (heterozygous)
[2] Rb/Rb (both must mutate for cancer)
The [1] gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers.
Malignant progression is dependent upon the loss of its product’s function, either through gene mutation or defects in signaling pathway
[1] TP53 (makes p53)
[1] mutations account for 5-10% of all breast cancers
the gene is involved in the repair of double stranded breaks
[1] BRCA1 or BRCA2
Protooncogenes:
- transcription factors or RTKs
- dominant mutations
examples: [1], [2], [3], [4]
[1] EGFR (lung cancer)
[2] K-Ras (colon cancer)
[3] Bcl-Abl (CML)
[4] Her2 (breast cancer); c-myc
The [1] is amplified in 20-25% of human childhood neuroblastomas.
These amplifications can be seen using FISH.
[1] N-myc
Oncogenes involving RTKs
[1] Her2
[2] EGFR
[1] is an oncogene associated with a translocation.
Philadelphia chromosome.
constitutively activate kinase in CML
[1] bcr-abl
chromosome rearrangement in the coding sequence of an oncogene coming under the influence of the promoter of another gene
this is the case of gene amplification of [1] in Burkitt’s lymphoma
[1] c-myc
The [1] gene is mutated in 40% of all human cancers (90% in pancreatic cancers).
[1] Ras