Cancer Biology and Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer progression is largely regulated by the [1] and [2] microenvironments.

A

[1] stromal

[2] immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

[1] are the specialized proteases that a primary cancer will produce to invade the epithelium locally.
Then, the cancer will produce [2] in order to stimulate angiogenesis.

A

[1] MMPs

[2] VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

[1] is the process of intraversion where a cancer cell goes from stationary to mobile in the bloodstream.

A

[1] EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Protooncogenes undergo [1] mutations.
Gain-of-function — increase cell proliferation and survival
anti-apoptotic gene, transcription factors

Tumor Suppressors undergo [2] mutations
Loss-of-function — uncontrolled proliferation and survival
apoptosis-promoting proteins, cell cycle inhibitors

A

[1] dominant

[2] recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes:
function to inhibit growth
requires both alleles be affected (LOH)
examples: [1], [2], [3], [4]

A

[1] p53
[2] PTEN
[3] BRCA1
[4] Rb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
Familial Retinoblastoma:
- child starts with [1]
- mutation results in LOH
Sporadic Retioblastoma:
- child starts with [2]
A

[1] Rb+/Rb (heterozygous)

[2] Rb/Rb (both must mutate for cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The [1] gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers.
Malignant progression is dependent upon the loss of its product’s function, either through gene mutation or defects in signaling pathway

A

[1] TP53 (makes p53)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

[1] mutations account for 5-10% of all breast cancers

the gene is involved in the repair of double stranded breaks

A

[1] BRCA1 or BRCA2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Protooncogenes:

  • transcription factors or RTKs
  • dominant mutations
    examples: [1], [2], [3], [4]
A

[1] EGFR (lung cancer)
[2] K-Ras (colon cancer)
[3] Bcl-Abl (CML)
[4] Her2 (breast cancer); c-myc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The [1] is amplified in 20-25% of human childhood neuroblastomas.
These amplifications can be seen using FISH.

A

[1] N-myc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oncogenes involving RTKs

A

[1] Her2

[2] EGFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

[1] is an oncogene associated with a translocation.
Philadelphia chromosome.
constitutively activate kinase in CML

A

[1] bcr-abl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chromosome rearrangement in the coding sequence of an oncogene coming under the influence of the promoter of another gene

this is the case of gene amplification of [1] in Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

[1] c-myc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The [1] gene is mutated in 40% of all human cancers (90% in pancreatic cancers).

A

[1] Ras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly