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Med Con II > Cancer Biology > Flashcards

Cancer Biology Flashcards

1
Q

define genotype

A

genetic comp of an individual organism

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2
Q

define phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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3
Q

why do cells divide

A

-reproduction
-growth
-repair

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4
Q

what happens at G1

A

normal process: growing, metabolism, chemical reactions, homeostatsis

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5
Q

what happens at S phase

A

DNA replication= important

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6
Q

what happens at G2 phase

A

cells create microtubules: DNA migrate to different pulls

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7
Q

talk about interphase

A

G1: growth phase
S: DNA replication
G2: microtubules
G0: quiscent phase; senescent cells

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8
Q

talk about mitosis

A

Prophase
prometaphase-metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

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9
Q

what is cancer

A

-abnormal cell division and growth
-normal cell growth is a highly regulated cellular function
-growth factors/intracellular signaling cascase

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10
Q

talk about proto-oncogenes and oncogene and the driver of cancer

A

they increase
-genes that are expressed at high levels in tumor cells
-genes regulate cell proliferation and differentiation
-inhibit cell programmed death

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11
Q

talk about tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes) and the driver of cancer

A

they decrease
-inhibit cell proliferation and growth > cell cycle checkpoint
-halts cell division if DNA damaged
-allows DNA to be repaired if damage or mutation is minor; if damage is significant then triggers apoptosis

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12
Q

talk about DNA repair genes and the driver of cancer

A

they decrease
-fix damaged DNA
-if problems, leads to more mutations

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13
Q

talk about carcinogenesis

A
  1. Genetics: family history
  2. environmental factors: chemicals, lifestyle and habits
  3. invading organisms: viral exposures

many cancers believed to be a combo of these 3 things

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14
Q

what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. self-sufficient growth signals: activated growth factor production and signaling
  2. resistance to anti-growth signals: inactivated cell cycle checkpoints
  3. immortality: inactivated cell death pathways
  4. resistance to cell death
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. invasion and metastasis
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15
Q

where does an andenocarcinoma originate

A

glandular tissue

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16
Q

where does a blastoma originate

A

embyronic tissue of organs

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17
Q

where does a carincoma originate

A

epithelial tissue

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18
Q

where does myelonma originate

A

bone marrow

19
Q

where does sarcoma originate

A

connecitive or supportive tissue

20
Q

what is benign

A

slow growth, non-invasive, no metasatis
-do not spread into or invade nearby tissue
-non-life threatnin

21
Q

what is malignant

A

rapid growth, invasive, potential for metastasis
-increased risk of growing back

22
Q

what is T in TNM staging system

A

Tumor size

23
Q

what is Tx in TNM staging system

A

tumor cannot be evaluated

24
Q

what is T0 in TNM staging system

A

no evidence of tumor

25
Q

what is T1-4 in TNM staging system

A

increasing size of tumor
bigger #=bigger size of tumor

26
Q

what is N in TNM staging system

A

spread to regional lymph nodes

27
Q

what is Nx in TNM staging system

A

lymph node cannot be evaluated

28
Q

what is N0 in TNM staging system

A

no lymph involvement

29
Q

what is N1-3 in TNM staging system

A

increasing invovlement of regional lymph nodes

30
Q

what is M in TNM staging system

A

presence of distant metastasis

31
Q

what is M0 in TNM staging system

A

no distant metastasis

32
Q

what is M1

A

distant metastasis

33
Q

what is a Gx tumor grade

A

grade cannot be assessed

34
Q

what is a G1 tumor grade

A

well differentiated (low grade)- good thing
-slow growing, tissue appears close to normal

35
Q

what is a G2 tumor grade

A

moderately differentiated

36
Q

what is a G3 tumor grade

A

poorly differentiated/high grade

37
Q

what is a G4 tumor grade

A

undiffereniated/high grade
-grades 3 and 4 tend to grow rapidly and spread rapidly

38
Q

how is leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma defined by cell lines?

A

myeloid: leukemia of granulocytes

lymphoid/lymphocytic: invovles lymphocytes and plasma cells

39
Q

how is leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma defined by stage of development?

A

acute: immature, undifferentiated cells: more severe
chronic: mature, more differentiated

40
Q

what is the main difference between lymphocyctic leukemias and lymphomas?

A

leukemia: cancer cells originate and are mainly in the bone marrow and blood

lymphoma: cancer cells originate and are primarily found in lymph nodes and lymphatic system

41
Q

talk about leukemia

A

-hematological disorder affecting leukocytes
-abnormal growth crowds out normal cell lines in the bone marrow

42
Q

talk about lymphoma

A

-hematological disorder arising from the lymphoid system

2 main categories:
1. Hodgkins Lymphoma: abnormal B cells, Reed Sternbeg, less common, better cure rate
2. Non-Hodgkins Lymph: abnormal B or T cells, more common

43
Q

what is multiple myeloma

A

disease of the plasma cells of the immune system
-plasma cells secrete antibodies
-hypercalcemia
-symptoms: pain, bruising, bone lesions/fracture

44
Q

what are L/L/M clinical manifestations

A

bone marrow failure
-anemia, thrombocytopenia, altered WBC
-fatigue, pallor, weight loss

leukemic cells infiltrate other organs
-bone pain and fracture
-lymphadenopathy
-oral lesoins
-splenomegaly
-hepatomegaly
-meningeal irritation

Med Con II (12 decks)

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