Cancer Biology Flashcards
(44 cards)
define genotype
genetic comp of an individual organism
define phenotype
observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
why do cells divide
-reproduction
-growth
-repair
what happens at G1
normal process: growing, metabolism, chemical reactions, homeostatsis
what happens at S phase
DNA replication= important
what happens at G2 phase
cells create microtubules: DNA migrate to different pulls
talk about interphase
G1: growth phase
S: DNA replication
G2: microtubules
G0: quiscent phase; senescent cells
talk about mitosis
Prophase
prometaphase-metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
what is cancer
-abnormal cell division and growth
-normal cell growth is a highly regulated cellular function
-growth factors/intracellular signaling cascase
talk about proto-oncogenes and oncogene and the driver of cancer
they increase
-genes that are expressed at high levels in tumor cells
-genes regulate cell proliferation and differentiation
-inhibit cell programmed death
talk about tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes) and the driver of cancer
they decrease
-inhibit cell proliferation and growth > cell cycle checkpoint
-halts cell division if DNA damaged
-allows DNA to be repaired if damage or mutation is minor; if damage is significant then triggers apoptosis
talk about DNA repair genes and the driver of cancer
they decrease
-fix damaged DNA
-if problems, leads to more mutations
talk about carcinogenesis
- Genetics: family history
- environmental factors: chemicals, lifestyle and habits
- invading organisms: viral exposures
many cancers believed to be a combo of these 3 things
what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?
- self-sufficient growth signals: activated growth factor production and signaling
- resistance to anti-growth signals: inactivated cell cycle checkpoints
- immortality: inactivated cell death pathways
- resistance to cell death
- sustained angiogenesis
- invasion and metastasis
where does an andenocarcinoma originate
glandular tissue
where does a blastoma originate
embyronic tissue of organs
where does a carincoma originate
epithelial tissue
where does myelonma originate
bone marrow
where does sarcoma originate
connecitive or supportive tissue
what is benign
slow growth, non-invasive, no metasatis
-do not spread into or invade nearby tissue
-non-life threatnin
what is malignant
rapid growth, invasive, potential for metastasis
-increased risk of growing back
what is T in TNM staging system
Tumor size
what is Tx in TNM staging system
tumor cannot be evaluated
what is T0 in TNM staging system
no evidence of tumor
