Cancer, Acid-base, Stroke Flashcards
contact inhibition
when touch other cells, replication mechanisms are inhibited (lost in cancer)
apoptosis
programmed cellular death (lost in cancer)
dysplasia
(haphazard cellular growth that varies in size, shape and organization, often a precursor to malignant transformation)
neoplasia
uncontrolled cellular differentiation which can be cancer or a benign neoplasm
anaplasia
when a cancer cell has total loss of expected structure and function from the tissue of origin
methods of cancer metastasis
- Hematogenous
- Lymphatic
- Direct extension
differentiation
cancer cells have a wide range of pathological presentations when compared to their original/organ parent cell
clinical vs pathological diagnosis of cancer
clinical: determines how much cancer there is based on physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsies to affected area
pathological diagnosis of cancer: surgery is done to remove a tumor, pathological staging combines the results of both the clinical staging and the surgical results
imaging and endoscopy cancer
use radiographical, sonographical, or other technology to create images of the body for clinical evaluation
staging of cancer
TMN (size of tumor, number of regional lymph nodes involved, presence of metastases)
- Stage 1: confined to origin
- Stage 2: lymph node involved
- Stage 3: larger tumor locally invasive w lymph nodes
- Stage 4: metastases to other places away from origin
Primary prevention cancer
- Lifestyle modification (eg. stop smoking tobacco)
- Immunization (eg. HPV, HCV)
Chemoprevention:
- Tamoxifen/Anastrozole reduce the risk of breast cancer in high risk individuals or those who have had a precancerous/early breast cancer
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride) are antiandrogens blocking testosterone on the prostate
Secondary prevention cancer
-cancer screening for early detection and disease management
-breast cancer screening: ages 4- and older, cervical screening (every 3 years with PAP, every 5 years ages 30-65)
-colon cancer screening: men and women over age 45, colonoscopy every 10 years
Prostate cancer screen
men age 50 and older or 45 and older if high risk
Presenting signs/symptoms of cancer
CAUTION
-change in normal bowel or bladder function
-a sore that does not heal
-unusual bleeding or discharge
-thickening or lump in breast or other part of body
-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
-obvious change in wort or mole
-nagging cough or hoarseness
B symptoms cancer
constitutional symptoms - a cluster of vague symptoms including fever, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fatigue
