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Patho Exam 1 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Repeated sequences not used to make cell proteins

A

Telomeres -as cells divide, more and more telomeres are lost -there is an association between telomere loss and cell death

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2
Q

How do cancer cells affect telomeres

A

They replace telomeres by activating telomerase, thus can divide indefinitely or are “immortalized”

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3
Q

Changes in both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are typically required for FAP to develop. T/F

A

True

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4
Q

Cells that can no longer divide are ______

A

terminally differentiated

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5
Q

An example of how multiple genetic changes are often required for cancer to arrise

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

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6
Q

Cancer is genetic, but not necessarily inherited. T/F

A

True. Cancer always involves mutations, we don’t always get those mutations from our parents, usually from being exposed to an environment.

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7
Q

Examples of chromosomal changes

A
  • aneuploid- loss of diploid state
  • translocations and other rearrangements
  • chromosomal instability
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8
Q

Characteristics of benign neoplasms ‘tumors’

A

Well differentiated and are localized

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9
Q

3 phases of tumor growth

A
  • Initiation
    • DNA mutation, irreversible
    • must occur first
  • Promotion
    • Stimulates cell proliferation
    • reversible in early stages
    • must follow initation for tumors to form
  • Progression
    • malignant phenotype
    • invasiveness, metastasis
    • autonomous growth
    • genomic instability
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10
Q

A well localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis would most likely be treated with?

A

Surgery

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11
Q

Which of the following indications are related to blood loss in our patient? -Dark stools -Low hemoglobin levels -Fatigue -All of the above

A

All of the above are related to blood loss.

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12
Q

mutations in ____ are assosociated with many types of cancer

A

p53

if DNA is not repaired, new mutations will be passed on to cell progeny, and if these mutations alter growth signals, cancer may result

mutations in p53 are associated with many types of cancer

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13
Q

Diagnosising and staging of tumor growth

A
  • TNM
    • Tumor
    • Nodes
    • Metastasis
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14
Q

A type of cancer due to mutations in DNA repair genes

A

HNPCC- Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

  • This decrease in DNA repair leads to an increase in genome instability
    • Damaged DNA repair gene cannot correct the errors within newly replicated DNA
    • ‘mutator phenotype’ increases the likelihood that an individual will develop cancer
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15
Q

A cell protein that has a number of anti-cancer functions centered around DNA repair

A

p53

  • activation of DNA repair proteins
  • arrest of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair proteins time to fix mutations
  • initiation of apoptosis if DNA damage cannot be reversed
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16
Q

The ability of a cell to divide and requires growth signals including growth factors that stimulate the cell to divide by mitotic division

A

Proliferation

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17
Q

Normally restrain cell growth, if mutated may form proteins that do not work (loss of function)

A

Tumor Suppressor Genes examples: -transcription factors (pRB and p53) -Cell adhesion proteins (APC and DCC)

mutate BOTH copies

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18
Q

Mutations in both alleles of _____, which normally prevent tumors, are required in order to see changes related to cancer.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

when lose both alleles due to mutation you lose the function of that gene to suppress the tumor growth

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19
Q

The more undifferentiated, the greater the capacity to proliferate, and the more _____ the cancer

A

malignant

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20
Q

Elevated levels of ____ are associated with certain cancers and can be used clinically to assess responses to treatment

A

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

21
Q

Cells become more _____ as they mature

A

specialized

22
Q

Acts as a brake to the cell as this protein governs cell cycle commitment

A

pRB

  • -its activity is governed by phosphorylation (adding or removing a phosphate group)
  • disruption of pRB leads to increased cell proliferation
  • commonly found in cancer cells
23
Q

The cell cycle in cancer cells is affected by 3 underlying causes of growth and maturity abnormalities…

A
  • The ability to produce the enzyme telomerase
  • Changes in the pRB gene, which governs the cell cycle rate
  • Changes in the p53 gene, which slows the cell cycle to allow for repair of DNA mutations before cell division
24
Q

Most people diagnosed with colorectal cancer have a primary relative who also has colorectal cancer. T/F

A

False. Many of these mutations are acquired from their environment.

25
Q

Definition of interphase and what it includes

A
  • the time between cell divisions
    • G1 (gap) phase
    • S (synthesis) phase
    • G2 phase
26
Q

Mitotic phase includes

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

27
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumors

A

Less differentiated Grow rapidly Invade neighboring tissues Have the capacity to spread to other body sites

28
Q

____ is genetic but not necessarily inherited

A

cancer genetic - ‘mutation’ inherited - from parent

29
Q

The process of tumor formation and a series of mutatiions is required for cancer

A

Carcinogenesis

30
Q

The degree of specialization of a given cell in terms of structure and function

A

Differentiation Cells will normally become more specialized as they mature.

31
Q

Which of the following types of hereditary or familial colon cancer are associated with mutations in DNA repair genes? -FAP -HNPCC

A

-HNPCC Hereditary Non Polyposis Colon Cancer

32
Q

Basis of cell cycle include…

A
  • DNA replication/synthesis
  • Mitosis (nucleus divides)
  • Cytokinesis (cell divides)
33
Q

Means “new growth” and may be malignant or benign

A

Neoplasia

34
Q

Examples of tumor markers in cancer cells

A
  • prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
  • CA-125
  • carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Markers are not diagnostic but changes in levels are often consistent with changes in tumor growth or responsiveness to treatment, and therefore are sometimes clinically useful.

35
Q

Malabsorption can occur with colon cancer and contribute to weight loss. T/F

A

True changes in GI tract may lead to reduction of absorbtion of crucial nutrients

36
Q

Normally correct damage or mutations in the cellular DNA

A

DNA repair genes

  • failure to fix these mutations increases the likelihood that cancer will arise
37
Q

a rare childhood cancer of the eye that involves mutations in both alleles of the tumor suppressor gene called pRB

A

Retinoblastoma

  • mutations may be inherited or aquired
  • persons born with a mutated allele predisposes them to this form of cancer
  • loss of pRB function leads to unregulated growth or cancer
38
Q

How does proliferation change in cancer

A

All cells have alimited number of cell divisions before that cell will die, but cancer cells have become immortalized (keep dividing without undergoing cell death) Cancer cells ignore normal growth restraints and have a high proliferative capacity. Divides more rapidly than their normal cellular counterparts

39
Q

There is a/an ______ relationship between differentiation and the ability of a cell to proliferate

A

Inverse relationship

40
Q

Common symptoms in cancer

A

Distinct diseases with similar underlying cellular changes and common manifestations:

  • Pain - common, more so in progressive disease;
  • Cachexia - severe form of malnutrition, associated with anorexia, tumor necrosis factor (TNF);
  • Declining hematopoiesis - anemia often observed, tumors in bone or bone marrow suppression can contribute.
41
Q

Screening tests that measure the presence of blood in the stool include -Colonoscopy -FOBT -CEA -All of the above

A
  • FOBT Fecal test for evidence of blood in stool (hemacult)
42
Q

Aneuploid

A

loss of diploid state

43
Q

Normally promote growth as protooncogenes within cells (growth factors, receptors)

A

Oncogenes

  • mutate ONE copy
  • can be aquired through viruses

Protooncogenes form gowth factors, enzymes, receptors within the cell that generally promote cell growth

44
Q

Conversion of a normal cell into a cancer requires ____ mutations

A

multiple may be point mutations or chromosomal rearrangements

45
Q

Mutations in only one allele of these genes listed below, which normally promote cell growth, is associated with changes associated with cancer.

  • Tumor suppressor genes
  • Protooncogenes
  • DNA repair genes
  • Genes encoding telomerase
A
  • Protooncogenes

Mutation from protooncogenes to oncogene which now has altered growth factor which is a result of that mutation.

46
Q

Promotes growth, secretes growth factors/hormones and promotes spread, scretes proteases

A

Altered biochemical properties

47
Q

what are aberrant adherence properties

A

loss of contact inhibition, anchorage independence, promotes invasion and metastais

48
Q
A

Patho Exam 1 (6 decks)

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