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Foundations of Disease and Therapy > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Vimentin (marker)

A

mesencyme

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2
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma (cause)

A

caused by translocation t(8;14)

Active transcription of c-MYC (growth factor)

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3
Q

cancer of lymphoid cells

A

malignant lymphoma

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4
Q

cancer of mesenchymal origin

A

sarcoma

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5
Q

Chromogranin (marker)

A

neuroendocrine cells (small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors)

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6
Q

Where do most mutation in p53 occur?

A

DNA-Binding Domain

Prevents transcription of Bax, Bak, and Bad

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7
Q

colloid (mucinous) carcinoma

A

excessive mucin is produced by tumor cells (breast, colon)

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8
Q

Rb Protein

A

Tumor Suppressor that regulates G1–> S Phase

sequesters E2F

Releases E2F when phosphorylated by Cyclin D/CDK complex

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9
Q

benign tumor of nerves

A

neurofibroma

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10
Q

Cohesins

A

hold sister chromatids together

Aberation will result in inability for sister chromatids to associate in prophase

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11
Q

Nitrosamine

A

gastric cancer

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12
Q

Metastasis to brain

A

common from cancer of lung, breast, and kidney

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13
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional cells of an organ or neoplasm

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14
Q

benign tumor of meninges

A

meningioma

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15
Q

Large Scale Genomic Instability

A

Presence of alterations in chromosome number (aneuploidy), or chromosome structure (rearrangements, breakages, genetic insertions/deletions, etc)

This can result from changes and alterations in expression level of proteins important for regulating normal mitotic progression

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16
Q

Non-neoplastic, reversible forms of cell proliferation

A

Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, and Dysplasia (variation in size and shape of cells with loss of orientation). Normal mitosis

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17
Q

Margin of Benign vs Malignant

A

Benign: smooth, encapsulated, non-invasive

Malignant: irregular margin, no capsule, invasive

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18
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (cause)

A

Caused by translocation t(9;22) - Philaedelphia Chromosome

Forms Bcr-Abl Fusion Protein

Abl is a kinase that activates unrestricted growth

Gleevec (imatinib) is a drug that inhibits kinase activity of Bcr-Abl

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19
Q

Tumor/Cancer of Placental epithelium

A

Benign: Hydatiform mole

Malignant: Choriocarcinoma

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20
Q

Bcl-2

(function, disease-association)

A

Sequesters Cytochrome C in mitochondria and prevents activation of caspases

Amplification due to t(14,18) transposition resluts in follicular lymphoma because B cells cannot commit apoptosis during somatic hypermutation

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21
Q

Staging of Tumor

A

Based on size, extent of spread to lymph nodes, and absence or presence of metastasis

T - tumor size

N - lymph node involvement

M - metastasis

Staging of a tumor is better correlated with prognosis than Grading

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22
Q

benign tumor of cartilage

A

chondroma

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23
Q

Nuclei of Benign vs Metastatic cells

A

Benign: normal nuclei (N/C ratio = 1:6)

Metastatic: large, hypercromatic (N/C ratio = 1:1)

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24
Q

oat cell (small cell) carcinoma

A

undifferentiated carcinoma of neuroendocrine origin, usually in lung. Cells are lymphocyte-like on microscopy

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25
Metastasis to bone
Common from cancer of prostate, lung, breast, thyroid, and kidney
26
papilloma
benign tumor arising from an epithelial surface that shows finger-like projections
27
medullary carcinoma
soft consistency of the tumor is due to very little connective tissue stroma
28
Clonality of Tumors
Most tumors and neoplasms arise from monoclonal transformations In some cases, such as familial colonic polyposis, tumors can be of polyclonal origin
29
Grading of Tumors
Determines **aggressiveness** and degree of **anaplasia** 5 grades; ***higher grade*** means ***less differentiated*** and ***worse prognosis***
30
benign tumor of fibrous tissue and glands
fibroadenoma
31
Most common sites of metastatic tumor
Lung adn Liver
32
Biologic hallmarks of cancer
invasion and metastasis
33
benign tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma
34
Lymphatic spread
Preferred route of spread in most **carcinomas**
35
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
**Benzanthracene** found in cigarette smoke - associated with **lung cancer** Also produced by broiling and smoking meats/fish
36
Arsenic
associated with **skin cancer**
37
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Fever of Unknown Origin
Lymphoma (especially Hodgkin's), renal carcinoma, osteogenic sarcoma
38
cancer of synovium
synovial sarcoma
39
Neoplasm
abnormal growth characterized by uncontrolled, excessive, purposeless, and almost autonomous proliferation of cells resulting in formation of a mass. Irreversible
40
Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation characterized by: nuclear pleomorphism (variation in size and shape), hyper-chromatic nuclei, large nucleoli, high mitotic rate, and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
41
mucinous cystadenoma
contains mucin
42
4 Ways to Acitvate Oncogenes (and examples)
1. Point mutation creating a "constitutively active" form of protein (RAS) 2. Amplification: Increase in number of copies of gene (HER2) 3. Increase in amount of protein present by moving gene to active promoter (Burkitt, Mantle Cell, Follicular) 4. Translocation creating fusion protein (Bcr-Abl)
43
HER2 (what it does, what can go wrong, what treats it)
HER2 is a Tyrosine Kinase receptor When activated, it stimulates a cascade that **favors cell cycle progression** Some people have **extra copies of this gene**, so its expression is **amplified,** making too many receptors present on the outside of the cell Highly associated with development of **Breast Cancer** **Trastuzumab** is a monoclonal antibody that targets this receptor
44
Krukenberg tumor
ovarian metastatic tumor, usually from a gastric adenocarcinoma
45
clear cell carcinoma
aka renal cell carcinoma; neoplastic cells contain clear cytoplasm
46
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Clubbing of fingers
lung cancer
47
Scirrhous (desmoplastic) carcinoma
marked fibrotic stroma that makes tumor stony hard
48
Hematogenous Spread
Dominant spreading route for **Sarcomas** Carcinomas that spread via this route: 1. **Renal Cell Carcinoma** 2. **Hepatocellular carcinoma** 3. Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid 4. Choriocarcinoma
49
RAS
proto-oncogene that becomes an oncogene after a **point mutation** that leaves it **constitutively activated** Active form is **RAS-GTP** Mutation asociated with carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma
50
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Myasthenia
thymoma
51
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Cushing's Syndrome
small cell carcinoma of lung; due to ACTH
52
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Occurs due to **amplification** of **Cyclin D** due to transposition **t(11,14)** This causes the cell to activate Rb pathway and pass the G1/S checkpoint
53
Benign tumors remain benign and do not undergo malignancy. The only exception is:
Adenocarcinomas of colon usually result from Ademomas
54
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Symptom complexes other than cachexia in cancer patients that cannot be explained by local and distant spread of the tumor or by production of hormones indigenous to the tissue
55
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma of lung, adenocarcinoma of breast, and renal cell carcinoma; due to PTH
56
Cancer of epithelial origin
carcinoma
57
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Carcinoid Syndrome (seratonin, histamin, bradykinin)
Brochial carcinoid metastatic to liver
58
Wilm's Tumor
Nephroblastoma; childhood malignant tumor of kidney arising from renal blastoma showing mixed embryonal tubular structures and sarcomatoid stroma Caused by **deletion** of gene on **Chromosome 11**
59
Differentiation
The degree to which the tumor cells exhibit morphologic and functional resemblance to comparable normal cells
60
Names for neoplasm/cancer of melanocytes
Benign: Nevus Malignant: Melanoma
61
Neoplastic, irreversible forms of cell proliferation
Anaplasia - greater degree of pleomorphism than dysplasia, varying degrees of differentiation. Abnormal mitosis
62
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Deep Vein Thrombosis, thrombophlebitis
pancreatic cancer, GI tract cancer, lung cancer
63
names for tumor/cancer of mesothelium
benign mesothelioma malignant mesothelioma
64
Cystadenoma
benign epithelial tumor containing fluid or semisolid material
65
p53
**Major tumor suppressor**; almost all cancers have a mutation in this pathway Regulates Apoptosis and DNA Repair via **activation of Caspases** Many points on this pathway can cause loss of this function (Amplification of **Mdm2**, mutated p53, Amplification of **Bcl-2**)
66
Hamartoma
localized overgrowth of mature cells normally found in an organ. DIsorganize mature cells produce a mass that looks like a tumor, but is benign. Common in lung and liver
67
Cancer of neuroglial cells
Malignant Glioma
68
Desmoplasia
Exuberant production of collagenous stroma induced by the tumor cells
69
Condensins
compact chromosomes aberation will alter ability for chromosomes to properly condense in prophase
70
Benign tumor of striated muscle
rhabdomyoma
71
benign tissue of fibrous tissue and fat
fibrolipoma
72
Vinyl chloride
Used to make PVC pipes; causes **hemangiosarcoma of liver**
73
signet-ring cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma where malignant cells look like signet rings microscipically. Usually in stomach
74
Benign tumor of fibrous tissue
fibroma
75
Ways cancers can spread
1. lymphatics 2. hematogenous 3. seeding through body cavities and surfaces
76
Blood level is high in trophoblastic (hydatidiformmole, chorionic carcinoma) and germ cell tumors
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
77
Asbestos
associated with **lung cancer** and **mesothelioma**
78
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Hypoglycemia
Sarcomas, liver cancer; due to **insulin**
79
Neuroblastoma (cause)
Caused by gene **amplification** of **N-Myc**
80
Desmin (marker)
muscle
81
Cancer of liver
Hepatoma or Hepatocellular Carcinoma
82
Why do tumors grow faster than surrounding cells?
The cells themselves do not divide faster; the tumor grows quickly because a greater percentage of cells are actively dividing and fewer cells are committing apoptosis
83
Describe steps of metastasis
1. Downregulation of **E-cadhedrin** leads to disassociation from surrounding cels 2. Tumor cells bind to **laminin** and destroy basement membrane 3. Proteolytic enzymes (**collagenase**) lyse the Type IV collegen in matrix 4. Cells attach to **fibronectin** in ECM and spread locally 5. Tumor cells migrate
84
cancer of neuroendocrine cells
carcinoid tumor
85
Heavy metal inhalation
associated with **lung cancer**
86
Cancer of plasma cells
Multiple Myeloma
87
polyp
benign epithelial tumor prodtruding from epithelial surface
88
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Hyponatremia
small cell carcinoma of lung; due to ADH
89
Blood level is high in prostate cancer
Psostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP), Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
90
Cachexia
loss of body fat, lean body mass, weakness, anorexia, and anemia Increased metabolism of all nutrients - may involve **Cachectin**
91
cancer of hemopoietic cells of bone marrow
Leukemia
92
Normally produced by embryonal gut, pancreas, liver. Serum level may be high in colorectal, pancreatic, liver, and gastric cancers.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
93
UV Rays
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
94
Aromatic Amines and azo dyes: beta-napthalamine
causes **bladder cancer** among workers with aniline dye and rubber industry
95
Keratin (marker)
Epithelium
96
Retinoblastoma (cause)
Caused by deletion of **Rb gene** on **chromosome 13** Rb is a tumor suppressor
97
seruos cystadenoma
contains serous fluid
98
Encapsulation
Peripheral, circumferential fibrous connective tissue rim around benign tumors
99
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium
Adenoma
100
Teratoma
benign tumor composed of more than one germ layer, usually all three. Totipotential cells of testis or overy can differentiate along various germ lines
101
Normally produced by yolk sac and fetal liver. Blood level goes up in cancer of liver and germ cell tumor of testis.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
102
When do symptoms from a tumor first occur
after 30 divisions
103
Paraneoplastic Syndrome: Acanthosis nigricans (dark patches of skin)
gastrointestinal cancer
104
Stroma
Supporting connective tissue and blood vessels

Foundations of Disease and Therapy (12 decks)

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