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Pathophysiology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

It is an uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells

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2
Q

What are the three causes of cancer?

A

Patient’s behavior
Environement
Genetics

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3
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Gene expression determined by environmental factors

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4
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide for indefinite periods

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5
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult

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6
Q

What are the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are:
Differentiated
Unspecified

Adult stem cells are:
Undifferentiated
Specific
Their role is to repair/replace damaged cells

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7
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Decrease in SIZE of cell

Happens in people who don’t uses their muscles

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8
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in SIZE of cell

Cardiac muscle, weight lifters

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9
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells due to increase in cell division

Think pyramiding

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10
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible cell replacement

Ex. Smoker’s lung cells will change cell type and replace damaged cells but doesn’t do the same job

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11
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Increase in the degree of disordered cell growth

Reversible

Ex. Abnormal pap smear

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12
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth

Not reversible

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13
Q

What is multipotent?

A

The differentiation of an adult stem cell

Ex. Bone marrow cells

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14
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

Cancer cells that don’t respect boundaries of surrounding cells.

Invasive and grow on top of one another and on top of each other

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15
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

Genes that normally help cells grow

Ex. In cancer this is disturbed

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16
Q

What are Oncogenes?

A

Gene with a mutation in it, makes abnormal copies, and is activated continuously

17
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Genes that prevent cells from going through the cell cycle

Suppress or block development of cancer

18
Q

What are the three stages of cancer development?

A

Initiation Phase
Promotion Phase
Progression Phase

19
Q

What happens in the initiation phase of cancer?

A

Mutation occurs altering cellular DNA

20
Q

What happens in the promotion phase of cancer?

A

Reversible proliferation of altered cells. There has been no binding to DNA yet.

21
Q

What happens in the progression phase of cancer?

A

Increased growth rate and invasiveness

22
Q

What are the manifestation of cancer?

A

It is individualized. It depends on the type of cancer and patients must know their normal body functioning

23
Q

What is the only definitive test to diagnose cancer?

A

Biopsy

24
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The tumor grows and can metastasize because of the access to blood

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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