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Medical Terminology Exam 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Incidence and prevalence of cancer in US

A

I: 1.2 million
P: 8 million survivors

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2
Q

Incidence and prevalence of Laryngeal Cancer in US

A

I: 12,000
P: Unknown

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3
Q

Incidence and prevalence of Laryngectomies

A

I: 5-7,000
P: 60,000

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4
Q

What percentage of people will get cancer in the lifetime?

A

46% of men (24% will be fatal)

38% of women (20% will be fatal)

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5
Q

How common is Laryngeal cancer?

A

Accounts for less than 2% of all cancers

25% of head and neck cancers

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6
Q

Who is more likely to get Laryngeal cancer?

A

Men more than women 4:1

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7
Q

Average age of diagnosis of Laryngeal cancer

A

63 years

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8
Q

Risk factors for Laryngeal Cancer

A 
Smoking (but don't assume anything)
Alcohol (Smoking + alcohol worse)
Poor nutrition
GERD/Acid Reflux
Leukoplakia- mucous membrane disorder characterized by white patches
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9
Q

Symptoms of Laryngeal Cancer

A 
Hoarseness
Persistent cough
Prolonged sore lump in throat
Dysphasia
Persistent throat pain
Persistent ear pain
Dyspenea/stridor (on inhalation)
Unexplained weight loss
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10
Q

Detection of Laryngeal Cancer

A

@ 1 gram to be detected
Leukoplakia
Stiffness, no vibration, no mobility of vocal folds
Cancers in the larynx tend to start superficially

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11
Q

Normal Cell Life

A

In 24 hours, 3 billion cells replaced

Cells that die are rapidly replaced by surrounding cells

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12
Q

Fast Growing Cells

A

T Cells (for immune system)
Skin
Digestive system lining

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13
Q

Long Living Cells

A

Neurons- live as long as we do (kidney cells- slow growing)

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

Natural cell death

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15
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of cell due to disease

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16
Q

4 Phases of Normal Cell Life

A
  1. Division: mitosis
  2. Gap 1: minimum 2 hours (some enter Gap 1 and replicate, others die)
  3. Synthesis Period: DNA replicates
  4. Gap 2: minimum 10 hours
    and Repeat
17
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

When there is damage to the cell’s suicide program and cells do not receive the signal to die naturally. If a defective cell escapes its intended location and does not have an off switch/suicide program properly working, then the body will detect it with the immune system and try to destroy it (double layer of protection)
Cancer occurs when there is a loss of error control within the cell and there is a genetic defect. When the cell wanders off to an unintended location and starts to divide, this is metastasis.

18
Q

Causes of Cancer

A 
Inheritance
Chemicals/Environment
Carcinogens
Viruses
Radiation
19
Q

Staging for Laryngeal Cancer

A

T: Tumor
N: Nodes
M: Metastasis

20
Q

T: Tumor

A

Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T1: in situ, sitting on surface (small), structures moving normally
T2: slightly larger, structures look good, some impaired range of motion
T3: movement of structures impaired, potentially cancer invaded other tissues (arytenoids)
T4: structures immobile, invaded other tissues, tumor extensive

21
Q

N: Nodes

A

Nx: lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0: not spread to lymph nodes
N1: limited ipsilateral lymph nodes affected
N2: more ipsilateral lymph nodes affected
N3: contra and ipsilateral nodes affected (bilateral spread)

22
Q

M: Metastasis

A

Mx: cannot be assessed
M0: no metastasis
M1: metastasis detected

23
Q

Types of cancer

A

4 that can be tied back to embryonic development

  1. Carcinoma
  2. Sarcoma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Leukemia
24
Q

Carcinoma

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ectoderm
Outside structures: teeth, skin, hair

25
Q

Sarcoma

A

Mesoderm
Middle lining
Connective tissue: bone, cartilage, blood vessels

26
Q

Lymphoma

A

Endoderm

Inner: inner skin, lining of body cavity, digestive tract

27
Q

Leukemia

A

Blood
Blood vessels
Blood forming systems-bone marrow

28
Q

Radiation

A

Treatment length: 5-8 weeks, 5 days per week
50-80 Grays (Gy)
100 Rads = 1 Gy (large unit of radiation)

29
Q

Radiation considerations

A

Mostly doesn’t work, patients resort to surgery
Radiation affects ability to produce alaryngeal speech
Lifetime cap of radiation before it causes cancer (8 weeks/80 Grays)
Other structures also radiated- spinal cord, thyroid, blood pressure lowers due to less dilation, cataracts
General effects: Dry mouth (xerostomia), dysphasia, tissue stiffness
Major effects on esophageal speech, can affect types of devices for speech

30
Q

Chemotherapy

A

doesn’t tend to work with laryngeal cancer

may be used to decrease growth of blood vessels to tumor (angiogenesis)

31
Q

Laryngeal Topography

A

Glottal Region: glottis (space between true vocal folds)
Subglottis: area beneath glottis
Supraglottis: area above the true vocal folds

Larynx formed from cartilage/fibroelastic ligaments

Medical Terminology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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