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Hugh's MD1 Abdominal > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Mutations for oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes have to be more targeted?

A

Oncogenes

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1
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Cancer of epithelium

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1
Q

What is the most common familial colorectal cancer syndrome?

A

Lynch’s syndrome

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2
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Abnormal metaplasia of the cells in the lower portion of the oesophagus

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3
Q

What is the name of the histological feature that is a hallmark of HPV infection?

A

Koilocytosis

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4
Q

Name 3 types of tumour driving genome changes

A

Chromosomal translocation

Gene amplication

Sequence mutation

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5
Q

What happens at the cervical transformation zone?

A

Change from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

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6
Q

Name the 4 modes of metatastic spread

A

Direct spread

Haematogenous

Lymphatic

Perineural

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7
Q

Describe koliocytosis?

A

Nucleur enlargement

Hyperchromasia

Perinuclear halo

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7
Q

Where are lymphatics present in the colon?

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

What is the increased relative risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

30-60 fold

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8
Q

A colorectal cancer in which part of the colon is generally bulky?

A

Proximal

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10
Q

What is a common site of metastasis for colorectal malignancies?

A

Liver due to portal circulation

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11
Q

Where in the skin do initial abnormalities tend to occur?

A

Deeper layer of epidermis

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12
Q

What is the average age of colorectal carcinoma onset in individuals with FAP?

A

30

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13
Q

How is HPV transmitted?

A

Sex

13
Q

What are the four categories for the Australian Clinicopathological Staging (ACPS) of colorectal cancers?

A

A - Invaded beyond the muscularis mucosa

B - Invaded beyond the muscularis propria (aka muscularis externa)

C - Lymph node metastasis

D - Distant metastasis

15
Q

What is characteristic of Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Columnar lining above the gastric oesophageal junction

Goblets cells in that lining (metaplasia)

16
Q

Which gene is disrupted by HPV integration in the host genome?

A

E2

17
Q

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Chronic reflux

18
Q

How may a patient with an ulcerated rectal tumour present?

A

With anaemia

19
Q

What are the categories in the TNM’s Distant Metastasis?

A

Mx: Distant metastasis can’t be equated

M0: No distant metastasis

M1: Distant metasis

21
Q

Where does the human papilloma virus invade?

A

The transitional zone of the cervix

22
Q

What are adenomatous polyps are precursor of?

A

Colorectal carcinoma

22
Q

What are the categories in the TNM’s Lymph Node Metastasis?

A

N0: No LN metastasis

N1: Metastasis to 1-3 LNs

N2: Metastasis to 4+ LNs

23
Q

What are the histological features of adenomatous polyps?

A

Crowded cells

Enlarged, hyperchromatic, pseudostratified nuclei

Less goblet cells

Abnormal complexity in glandular structure

Increased mitotic activity

25
Q

What must occur for a in situ carcinoma to progress to a malignancy?

A

Breech of the mucosal/anatomical boundary

26
Q

Colorectal cancer in which part of the colon is generally stenosing?

A

Distal colon

(rectum)

27
Q

What are the categories in the TNM Depth of Tumour Invasion?

A

Tis: Carcinoma in situ

T1: Invades beyond muscularis mucosa

T2: Invades into the muscularis externa/propria

T3: Invades beyond the muscularis externa

T4: Invades other organs or perforates visceral peritoneum

28
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Cancer of stroma

29
Q

Which serotypes of HPV are the most associated with the development cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

30
Q

What is the sequence of phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1 > S > G2 > Mitosis > Cell division > G0/G1

32
Q

Where are lymphatics present in the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa

33
Q

What is the risk of developing early onset colorectal cancer in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

100%

35
Q

Do polyps forms in Lynch’s syndrome?

A

No

36
Q

What are the three board categories of classification in the TNM stagings of colorectal cancer?

A

Depth of Tumour Invasion

Lymph Node Metastasis

Distant Metastasis

37
Q

What are the two type of HPV infections?

A
  1. Transient, episomally replicating with viral replication
  2. Chromosomally replicating, high risk
38
Q

A mutation in which gene is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

APC

Hugh's MD1 Abdominal (21 decks)

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