Cancer

Question 1

Mutations for oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes have to be more targeted?

Answer 1

Oncogenes

Question 1

What is carcinoma?

Answer 1

Cancer of epithelium

Question 1

What is the most common familial colorectal cancer syndrome?

Answer 1

Lynch’s syndrome

Question 2

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 2

Abnormal metaplasia of the cells in the lower portion of the oesophagus

Question 3

What is the name of the histological feature that is a hallmark of HPV infection?

Answer 3

Koilocytosis

Question 4

Name 3 types of tumour driving genome changes

Answer 4

Chromosomal translocation

Gene amplication

Sequence mutation

Question 5

What happens at the cervical transformation zone?

Answer 5

Change from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

Question 6

Name the 4 modes of metatastic spread

Answer 6

Direct spread

Haematogenous

Lymphatic

Perineural

Question 7

Describe koliocytosis?

Answer 7

Nucleur enlargement

Hyperchromasia

Perinuclear halo

Question 7

Where are lymphatics present in the colon?

Answer 7

Submucosa

Question 8

What is the increased relative risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 8

30-60 fold

Question 8

A colorectal cancer in which part of the colon is generally bulky?

Answer 8

Proximal

Question 10

What is a common site of metastasis for colorectal malignancies?

Answer 10

Liver due to portal circulation

Question 11

Where in the skin do initial abnormalities tend to occur?

Answer 11

Deeper layer of epidermis

Question 12

What is the average age of colorectal carcinoma onset in individuals with FAP?

Answer 12

30

Question 13

How is HPV transmitted?

Answer 13

Sex

Question 13

What are the four categories for the Australian Clinicopathological Staging (ACPS) of colorectal cancers?

Answer 13

A - Invaded beyond the muscularis mucosa

B - Invaded beyond the muscularis propria (aka muscularis externa)

C - Lymph node metastasis

D - Distant metastasis

Question 15

What is characteristic of Barrett’s Oesophagus?

Answer 15

Columnar lining above the gastric oesophageal junction

Goblets cells in that lining (metaplasia)

Question 16

Which gene is disrupted by HPV integration in the host genome?

Answer 16

E2

Question 17

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 17

Chronic reflux

Question 18

How may a patient with an ulcerated rectal tumour present?

Answer 18

With anaemia

Question 19

What are the categories in the TNM’s Distant Metastasis?

Answer 19

Mx: Distant metastasis can’t be equated

M0: No distant metastasis

M1: Distant metasis

Question 21

Where does the human papilloma virus invade?

Answer 21

The transitional zone of the cervix

Question 22

What are adenomatous polyps are precursor of?

Answer 22

Colorectal carcinoma

Question 22

What are the categories in the TNM's Lymph Node Metastasis?

Answer 22

N0: No LN metastasis N1: Metastasis to 1-3 LNs N2: Metastasis to 4+ LNs

Question 23

What are the histological features of adenomatous polyps?

Answer 23

Crowded cells Enlarged, hyperchromatic, pseudostratified nuclei Less goblet cells Abnormal complexity in glandular structure Increased mitotic activity

Question 25

What must occur for a in situ carcinoma to progress to a malignancy?

Answer 25

Breech of the mucosal/anatomical boundary

Question 26

Colorectal cancer in which part of the colon is generally stenosing?

Answer 26

Distal colon (rectum)

Question 27

What are the categories in the TNM Depth of Tumour Invasion?

Answer 27

Tis: Carcinoma in situ T1: Invades beyond muscularis mucosa T2: Invades into the muscularis externa/propria T3: Invades beyond the muscularis externa T4: Invades other organs or perforates visceral peritoneum

Question 28

What is a sarcoma?

Answer 28

Cancer of stroma

Question 29

Which serotypes of HPV are the most associated with the development cervical cancer?

Answer 29

16 and 18

Question 30

What is the sequence of phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 30

G1 \> S \> G2 \> Mitosis \> Cell division \> G0/G1

Question 32

Where are lymphatics present in the oesophagus?

Answer 32

Mucosa

Question 33

What is the risk of developing early onset colorectal cancer in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis?

Answer 33

100%

Question 35

Do polyps forms in Lynch's syndrome?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What are the three board categories of classification in the TNM stagings of colorectal cancer?

Answer 36

Depth of **T**umour Invasion Lymph **N**ode Metastasis Distant **M**etastasis

Question 37

What are the two type of HPV infections?

Answer 37

1. Transient, episomally replicating with viral replication 2. Chromosomally replicating, high risk

Question 38

A mutation in which gene is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis?

Answer 38

APC