Cancer

Question 1

a) What are carcinomas
b) What do leukaemias result from
c) What do lymphomas result from
d) Where may sarcomas arise
e) Are sarcomas malignant

Answer 1

a) Malignant tumours of epithelial cells
b) Result from malignant proliferation of bone marrow cells
c) Result form malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells
d) Connective tissue
e) Yes

Question 2

a) How is the use of glycolysis a characteristic of cancer cells
b) How is the requirement for stimulation by growth factors a characteristic of cancer cells
c) How is apoptosis a characteristic of cancer cells
d) How are inhibitory growth signals a characteristic of cancer cells
e) How is replicative capacity a characteristic of cancer cells

Answer 2

a) Elevated use of glycolysis
b) Reduced requirement for stimulation by growth factors
c) Resistance to apoptosis
d) Resistance to inhibitory growth signals
e) Unlimited replicative capacity

Question 3

a) What occurs to gene promoter regions so they can contribute to cancer development
b) How can micro RNAs affect carcinogenesis
c) Can single base changes inactivate a tumour suppressor gene allele
d) What can single base changes or chromosome translocations give rise to
e) What inherited (germline) mutation to a gene predisposes to tumour development

Answer 3

a) Aberrant methylation
b) May act to promote or inhibit carcinogenesis
c) Yes
d) Can give rise to oncogenes
e) Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

Question 4

a) What is a gene, frequently over-expressed in cancer cells, that drives cell proliferation
b) The failure to activate this gene may prevent arrest of cell cycle progression and the induction of apoptosis
c) What protein is associated with an inherited predisposition to cancer
d) What protein is associated with the suppression of apoptosis
e) What protein is associated with tumour angiogenesis

Answer 4

a) MYC
b) Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene
c) APC gene
d) BCL2
e) VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

Question 5

a) What protein is most strongly associated with transcriptional activation of genes in S-phase
b) What protein is made active by point mutation in its proto-oncogene
c) What is a tumour suppressor protein that binds E2F1
d) What is an activator of the cyclin B/CDK1 complex

Answer 5

a) E2F1
b) RAS
c) RB1
d) CDC25