Cancer Flashcards
Most common type of cervical cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
The adenocarcinoma
Which HPVs cause cervical cancer
Type 16 and 18
Risk factors for cervical cancer
Increased risk of catching HPV - early sexual activity, increased number of partners, no condoms
Later detection of precancerous changes
Smoking
HIV
COCP
FH
Diethylstilbestrol
Presentation of cervical cancer
Abnormal bleeding - post-menopausal
Vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Dyspareunia
B symptoms
Cervix
Ulceration
Inflammation
Bleeding
Visible tumour
Smear tests
Every 3 years - 25-49
Every 5 years - 50-64
HPV positive with normal cytology - repeat in 12 months
Management of cervical cancer
Large loop excision of transitional zone
Cone biopsy
Hysterectomy
Chemo
Radio
Common type of endometrial cancer
Adenocarcinoma - oestrogen dependant
Risk factors for endometrial cancer
Age
Earlier onset menstruation
Late menopause
Oestrogen only HRT
No or few pregnancies
Obesity
PCOS
Tamoxifen
TIIDM
HNPCC
Protective factors for endometrial cancer
COCP
Mirena coil
Increased pregnancies
Smoking
Presentation of endometrial cancer
Post menopausal bleeding
Post coital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding
Unusually heavy bleeding
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Haematuria
Anaemia
Raised platelets
Investigations in endometrial cancer
Transvaginal ultrasound
Pipelle biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Management of endometrial cancer
Hysterectomy
Radio
Chemo
Progesterone
Common types of ovarian cancer
Epithelial!
Dermoid - germ cells, teratomas
Sex cord-stromal tumours
Metastasis
Risk factors for ovarian cacner
Age
BRCA1 and 2
Obesity
Smoking
Recurrent use of clomifene
Early menarche
Late menopause
Nuliparity
Protective factors for ovarian cancer
COCP
Breastfeeding
Pregnancy
Presentation of ovarian cancer
Abdominal bloating
Early satiety
Loss of appetite
Pelvic pain
Urionary symptoms
Weight loss
Abdominal pelvic mass
Ascites
Investigations of ovarian cancer
CA125
Pelvic ultrasound
CT
Histology
Paracentesis
Alpha-fetoprotein
HCG
Common type of vulval cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Risk factors for vulval cancer
Age
Immunosuppression
HPV
Lich sclerosus
Presentation of valval cancer
Vulval lump
Ulceration
Bleeding
Pain
Itching
Lymphadenopathy
Irregular mass
Fungating lesion
