Cancer

Question 1

What is cancer?

Answer 1

Diseases where, abnormal cells, divide without control and invade other tissues

Question 2

The term carcinoma is derived from?

Answer 2

Greek word for crab karkinoma

Question 3

What is a tumor?

Answer 3

Growth of cancer cells

Also referred to as a neoplasm

Question 4

Describe benign tumors

Answer 4

Grow slowly
Encapsulated
Noninvasive
Well differentiated
No mitotic index
Don’t metastasize

Question 5

Describe malignant tumors

Answer 5

Rapid growth
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Metastasizes

Question 6

How are benign tumors named?

Answer 6

According to the tissues, they arise from

Question 7

What are lipomas?

Answer 7

Benign tumors from fat cells

Question 8

What are leiomyomas?

Answer 8

Benign tumors from the smooth muscle of the uterus

Question 9

What are meningiomas?

Answer 9

Tumors of the meninges

Question 10

What are carcinomas?

Answer 10

Malignant cancerous of the epithelial tissue

Question 11

What are adenocarcinomas?

Answer 11

Malignant tumors of the ductal or glandular tissues

Question 12

What are sarcomas?

Answer 12

Malignant tumor of the mesenchymal tissue

Question 13

What are lymphomas?

Answer 13

Malignant tumors of the lymphatic tissue

Question 14

What is leukemia?

Answer 14

Malignant tumors of blood forming cells

Question 15

What is mean by carcinoma in situ?

Answer 15

Early stage cancer

Means the cancer has not broken through basement membrane or metastasized

Question 16

What are the outcomes of carcinoma in situ?

Answer 16

Remain stable
Progress to invasive and metastatic cancer
Regress and disappear

Question 17

Describe what makes up a cancerous cell

Answer 17

Heterogeneous mixture of cancerous and benign cells

Question 18

What are the stages of cancer development?

Answer 18

Tumor initiation
Tumor promotion
Tumor progression

Question 19

What drives progression of cancer

Answer 19

Driver mutations

Question 20

Describe clonal proliferation, or expansion in cancer

Answer 20

mutations cause a cell to get characteristics that give it selective advantage over neighbors

Increase growth rate, decreased apoptosis

Question 21

Name some genomeic alterations, associated with cancer

Answer 21

Sustained proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppression
Genomic instability
Replicative mmortality

Question 22

Describe genomic changes associated with cancer

Answer 22

Angiogenesis
Reprogramming, energy, metabolism

Question 23

Explain angiogenesis in related to cancer

Answer 23

Formation of more blood cells to grow new vessels to support growth of cancer

Question 24

Explain reprogramming the energy metabolism in relation to cancer

Answer 24

The energy in the body is redirected to facilitate energy needs of growing cancer

Question 25

Name the hallmarks of cancer

Answer 25

Evading growth suppressors Enabling replicative immortality Tumor promoting inflammation Activating invasion and metastasis Genomic instability Inducing angiogenesis Resisting cell death Deregulating cellular energetics Sustaining proliferative signaling Avoiding immune destruction

Question 26

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 26

Group of disorders triggered by an abnormal immune response

Question 27

What causes paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer?

Answer 27

Biologic substances from tumor Immune response to tumor

Question 28

Name two clinical manifestations of cancer

Answer 28

Paraneoplastic syndrome Cachexia

Question 29

What is cachexia?

Answer 29

Weakness, and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

Question 30

Name some of the features of cachexia

Answer 30

Severe form of malnutrition Muscle weakness, fatigue Loss of white adipose tissue Appetite stimulating and appetite, suppressing pathways altered Altered, protein, lipid and carbohydrate, metabolism

Question 31

Describe how cancer is staged

Answer 31

Stage based on presents of metastasis

Question 32

Describe stage one cancer in relation to metastasis

Answer 32

No metastasis

Question 33

Describe stage two cancer

Answer 33

Local invasion

Question 34

Describe stage three cancer

Answer 34

Spread to regional structures

Question 35

Describe stage four cancer

Answer 35

Distant metastasis

Question 36

Describe the WHO’s TNM system for cancer staging

Answer 36

T – tumor spread N– node involvement M– presence of distant metastasis

Question 37

Name some types of cancer treatments

Answer 37

Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Immuno therapy

Question 38

Describe some trends in cancer mortality and morbidity

Answer 38

Incidence of cancer is decreasing for men Increasing for peoples 0-19 years Liver cancer is much higher in men Lung cancer, incidence decreased because of a drop in tobacco use

Question 39

Name some environmental/lifestyle factors that cause cancer

Answer 39

Obesity Alcohol Air pollution

Question 40

Name three factors associated with obesity and cancer

Answer 40

Insulin –IGF – 1 axis Sex hormones Adipokines or adipocyte derived cytokines

Question 41

Name three factors associated with alcohol and cancer

Answer 41

Risk factor for mulch, pharynx, liver, breast cancer Effect comes from Ethanol Genetic factors play a role

Question 42

Name some factors of outdoor air pollution and cancer

Answer 42

Particulate matter (tiny particles in liquid droplets) Carcinogenic and causes lung cancer Easily absorbed by lungs and phagocytosed

Question 43

Name some factors related to outdoor air pollution and cancer

Answer 43

Generally worse than outdoor pollution Secondary smoke causes formation of reactive oxygen, free radicals, and DNA damage Exposure from heating and cooking sources cause lung cancer Radon gas decay products are carcinogenic

Question 44

Name some ways to prevent cancer

Answer 44

Avoid known risk factors- smoking alcohol Avoid carcinogens - radiation, chemicals, PPE in industries Have a healthy lifestyle- diet and exercise

Question 45

Name some ways in which exercise can prevent cancer

Answer 45

Decreases insulin, obesity, sex and metabolic hormones Alters inflammatory mediators Improves immune function Increases free radical scavenger systems, gut motility, myokines

Question 46

Most cancers in children originate from?

Answer 46

The mesodermal germ layer

Question 47

What are the most common childhood cancers

Answer 47

Leukemia, sarcomas, lymphomas, and embryonal tumors

Question 48

Most childhood cancers are diagnosed when?

Answer 48

In peak growth periods

Question 49

The mesodermal germ layer is

Answer 49

The embryonic layer responsible for forming connective tissue, bone, other organs, lymphatic system

Question 50

Name some features of embryonal tumors

Answer 50

Originate during intrauterine life Immature embryonic tissue not able to mature into mature developed cells Name includes root term “blast”

Question 51

Name two examples of embryonal tumors

Answer 51

Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma