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Pathophysiology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Diseases where, abnormal cells, divide without control and invade other tissues

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2
Q

The term carcinoma is derived from?

A

Greek word for crab karkinoma

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3
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Growth of cancer cells

Also referred to as a neoplasm

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4
Q

Describe benign tumors

A

Grow slowly
Encapsulated
Noninvasive
Well differentiated
No mitotic index
Don’t metastasize

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5
Q

Describe malignant tumors

A

Rapid growth
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Metastasizes

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6
Q

How are benign tumors named?

A

According to the tissues, they arise from

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7
Q

What are lipomas?

A

Benign tumors from fat cells

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8
Q

What are leiomyomas?

A

Benign tumors from the smooth muscle of the uterus

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9
Q

What are meningiomas?

A

Tumors of the meninges

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10
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

Malignant cancerous of the epithelial tissue

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11
Q

What are adenocarcinomas?

A

Malignant tumors of the ductal or glandular tissues

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12
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Malignant tumor of the mesenchymal tissue

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13
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Malignant tumors of the lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Malignant tumors of blood forming cells

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15
Q

What is mean by carcinoma in situ?

A

Early stage cancer

Means the cancer has not broken through basement membrane or metastasized

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16
Q

What are the outcomes of carcinoma in situ?

A

Remain stable
Progress to invasive and metastatic cancer
Regress and disappear

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17
Q

Describe what makes up a cancerous cell

A

Heterogeneous mixture of cancerous and benign cells

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18
Q

What are the stages of cancer development?

A

Tumor initiation
Tumor promotion
Tumor progression

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19
Q

What drives progression of cancer

A

Driver mutations

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20
Q

Describe clonal proliferation, or expansion in cancer

A

mutations cause a cell to get characteristics that give it selective advantage over neighbors

Increase growth rate, decreased apoptosis

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21
Q

Name some genomeic alterations, associated with cancer

A

Sustained proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppression
Genomic instability
Replicative mmortality

22
Q

Describe genomic changes associated with cancer

A

Angiogenesis
Reprogramming, energy, metabolism

23
Q

Explain angiogenesis in related to cancer

A

Formation of more blood cells to grow new vessels to support growth of cancer

24
Q

Explain reprogramming the energy metabolism in relation to cancer

A

The energy in the body is redirected to facilitate energy needs of growing cancer

25
Q

Name the hallmarks of cancer

A

Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Tumor promoting inflammation
Activating invasion and metastasis
Genomic instability
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
Deregulating cellular energetics
Sustaining proliferative signaling
Avoiding immune destruction

26
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Group of disorders triggered by an abnormal immune response

27
Q

What causes paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer?

A

Biologic substances from tumor

Immune response to tumor

28
Q

Name two clinical manifestations of cancer

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome
Cachexia

29
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Weakness, and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

30
Q

Name some of the features of cachexia

A

Severe form of malnutrition
Muscle weakness, fatigue
Loss of white adipose tissue
Appetite stimulating and appetite, suppressing pathways altered
Altered, protein, lipid and carbohydrate, metabolism

31
Q

Describe how cancer is staged

A

Stage based on presents of metastasis

32
Q

Describe stage one cancer in relation to metastasis

A

No metastasis

33
Q

Describe stage two cancer

A

Local invasion

34
Q

Describe stage three cancer

A

Spread to regional structures

35
Q

Describe stage four cancer

A

Distant metastasis

36
Q

Describe the WHO’s TNM system for cancer staging

A

T – tumor spread
N– node involvement
M– presence of distant metastasis

37
Q

Name some types of cancer treatments

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Immuno therapy

38
Q

Describe some trends in cancer mortality and morbidity

A

Incidence of cancer is decreasing for men

Increasing for peoples 0-19 years

Liver cancer is much higher in men

Lung cancer, incidence decreased because of a drop in tobacco use

39
Q

Name some environmental/lifestyle factors that cause cancer

A

Obesity
Alcohol
Air pollution

40
Q

Name three factors associated with obesity and cancer

A

Insulin –IGF – 1 axis
Sex hormones
Adipokines or adipocyte derived cytokines

41
Q

Name three factors associated with alcohol and cancer

A

Risk factor for mulch, pharynx, liver, breast cancer

Effect comes from Ethanol

Genetic factors play a role

42
Q

Name some factors of outdoor air pollution and cancer

A

Particulate matter (tiny particles in liquid droplets)
Carcinogenic and causes lung cancer
Easily absorbed by lungs and phagocytosed

43
Q

Name some factors related to outdoor air pollution and cancer

A

Generally worse than outdoor pollution

Secondary smoke causes formation of reactive oxygen, free radicals, and DNA damage

Exposure from heating and cooking sources cause lung cancer

Radon gas decay products are carcinogenic

44
Q

Name some ways to prevent cancer

A

Avoid known risk factors- smoking alcohol

Avoid carcinogens - radiation, chemicals, PPE in industries

Have a healthy lifestyle- diet and exercise

45
Q

Name some ways in which exercise can prevent cancer

A

Decreases insulin, obesity, sex and metabolic hormones

Alters inflammatory mediators

Improves immune function

Increases free radical scavenger systems, gut motility, myokines

46
Q

Most cancers in children originate from?

A

The mesodermal germ layer

47
Q

What are the most common childhood cancers

A

Leukemia, sarcomas, lymphomas, and embryonal tumors

48
Q

Most childhood cancers are diagnosed when?

A

In peak growth periods

49
Q

The mesodermal germ layer is

A

The embryonic layer responsible for forming connective tissue, bone, other organs, lymphatic system

50
Q

Name some features of embryonal tumors

A

Originate during intrauterine life

Immature embryonic tissue not able to mature into mature developed cells

Name includes root term “blast”

51
Q

Name two examples of embryonal tumors

A

Neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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