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Pathophysiology > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

This type of immune responses mobilized after external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated

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2
Q

Name some features of adaptive immunity.

A

It promotes processes against the infection

It is different from inflammation

It is inducible specific long lived and has a memory

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3
Q

What are two of the main players in adaptive immunity?

A

Antigens
Lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the surface of microbes, infected cells, or abnormal tissues

The molecular targets of antibodies

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5
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Pathogen fighting cells

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6
Q

Name two types of lymphocytes cells.

A

T cells
B cells

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7
Q

Where are T cells derive from?

A

The Thymus

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8
Q

Where are B cells derived from?

A

The bone marrow

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9
Q

Name 4 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
active immunity
Passive immunity

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10
Q

Describe humoral immunity.

A

Antibodies are circulating in the blood

Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

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11
Q

Describe cellular immunity.

A

T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

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12
Q

Describe active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to antigen

Long lived

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13
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

Preformed antibodies, or T cells are administered

This is temporary

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14
Q

Name some types of Th cells

A

Th 1- helps develop cell mediated immunity (Tc cells)

Th 2- helps develop humoral immunity

Th 17- secretes lymphokine, activates macrophages

Treg- limits immune response

T cytotoxic- reacts with antigens on virus, infected with cancer cells
- Develop into tc effector cells that can destroy abnormal cells

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15
Q

What does autoimmunity mean?

A

The body attacks it’s own cells

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16
Q

What are APCs?

A

Antigen presenting cells that present antigens to Th cells

17
Q

Name some classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
B cells

18
Q

Describe the role of the lymphocytes

A

They produce antibodies that become major cells in blood plasma

19
Q

Activated B cells become what in relation to blood?

A

Plasma cells

20
Q

What is the difference between a monomer,dimer and a pentamer?

A

Monomer has one chain, dimer has 2, pentamer has five

21
Q

Describe two types of response to antigens

A

Primary and secondary

22
Q

Describe the primary response to antigens

A

The latent period- first exposure
Lack of antibodies for the antigen
IgM type antibodies are secreted

23
Q

Describe a secondary response to antigens

A

Immune system is exposed again to the same antigen within weeks months or years and a response occurs

Speed an intensity because of memory be sells formed in primer response

24
Q

Secondary response to antigen is also called what

A

Anamnestic response

25
Q

Name the four types of hypersensitivity states

A

Type 1 – immediate hypersensitivity

Type 2- antibody mediated

Type 3- immune complex mediated

Type 4- T cell mediated

26
Q

Describe type 1 hypersensitivity, and give example(s)

A

IGE mediated

Involves mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators

Anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma

27
Q

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Antibody mediated

IgG, IgM antibodies act on cells with complement and cause cell lysis

Include some autoimmune diseases

Eg. Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis

28
Q

Describe hypersensitivity state III

A

Immune complex mediated

Antibody mediated inflammation

Circulating IGG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs

Includes some autoimmune diseases

Example: Lupus, serum sickness, arthritis, rheumatic fever

29
Q

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity state

A

T cell mediated

Delete every sensitivity and cytotoxic reaction in tissues

Include some autoimmune diseases

Example: infection reactions, contact dermatitis, graft rejection

30
Q

What is an immune deficiency?

A

Failure of the immune mechanisms to function normally resulting in increased susceptibility to infections

31
Q

Name two types of immune deficiencies

A

Primary (congenital)

secondary (acquired)

32
Q

What causes primary immunodeficiency and give an example

A

Caused by genetic anomaly

Example: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

33
Q

What causes secondary immuno deficiency give an example

A

Cause by another illness

HIV/AIDS
Cancer, drugs, cancer treatment

34
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is type one diabetes, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

A

Type IV

Pancreas

T cells attack insulin producing cells

35
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Graves’ disease, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

A

Type III

Thyroid

Antibodies against thyroid, stimulating hormone receptors

36
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is multiple sclerosis, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

A

Type II and IV

Myelin

T cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neurons

37
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Marking/ binding of antigens by antibodies so they can be found and killed

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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