Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
What is adaptive immunity?
This type of immune responses mobilized after external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated
Name some features of adaptive immunity.
It promotes processes against the infection
It is different from inflammation
It is inducible specific long lived and has a memory
What are two of the main players in adaptive immunity?
Antigens
Lymphocytes
What are antigens?
Molecules on the surface of microbes, infected cells, or abnormal tissues
The molecular targets of antibodies
What are lymphocytes
Pathogen fighting cells
Name two types of lymphocytes cells.
T cells
B cells
Where are T cells derive from?
The Thymus
Where are B cells derived from?
The bone marrow
Name 4 types of adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
active immunity
Passive immunity
Describe humoral immunity.
Antibodies are circulating in the blood
Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses
Describe cellular immunity.
T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells
Describe active immunity
Develops after exposure to antigen
Long lived
Describe passive immunity
Preformed antibodies, or T cells are administered
This is temporary
Name some types of Th cells
Th 1- helps develop cell mediated immunity (Tc cells)
Th 2- helps develop humoral immunity
Th 17- secretes lymphokine, activates macrophages
Treg- limits immune response
T cytotoxic- reacts with antigens on virus, infected with cancer cells
- Develop into tc effector cells that can destroy abnormal cells
What does autoimmunity mean?
The body attacks it’s own cells
What are APCs?
Antigen presenting cells that present antigens to Th cells
Name some classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
B cells
Describe the role of the lymphocytes
They produce antibodies that become major cells in blood plasma
Activated B cells become what in relation to blood?
Plasma cells
What is the difference between a monomer,dimer and a pentamer?
Monomer has one chain, dimer has 2, pentamer has five
Describe two types of response to antigens
Primary and secondary
Describe the primary response to antigens
The latent period- first exposure
Lack of antibodies for the antigen
IgM type antibodies are secreted
Describe a secondary response to antigens
Immune system is exposed again to the same antigen within weeks months or years and a response occurs
Speed an intensity because of memory be sells formed in primer response
Secondary response to antigen is also called what
Anamnestic response
Name the four types of hypersensitivity states
Type 1 – immediate hypersensitivity
Type 2- antibody mediated
Type 3- immune complex mediated
Type 4- T cell mediated
Describe type 1 hypersensitivity, and give example(s)
IGE mediated
Involves mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators
Anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma
Describe type 2 hypersensitivity
Antibody mediated
IgG, IgM antibodies act on cells with complement and cause cell lysis
Include some autoimmune diseases
Eg. Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis
Describe hypersensitivity state III
Immune complex mediated
Antibody mediated inflammation
Circulating IGG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs
Includes some autoimmune diseases
Example: Lupus, serum sickness, arthritis, rheumatic fever
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity state
T cell mediated
Delete every sensitivity and cytotoxic reaction in tissues
Include some autoimmune diseases
Example: infection reactions, contact dermatitis, graft rejection
What is an immune deficiency?
Failure of the immune mechanisms to function normally resulting in increased susceptibility to infections
Name two types of immune deficiencies
Primary (congenital)
secondary (acquired)
What causes primary immunodeficiency and give an example
Caused by genetic anomaly
Example: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
What causes secondary immuno deficiency give an example
Cause by another illness
HIV/AIDS
Cancer, drugs, cancer treatment
What type of hypersensitivity is type one diabetes, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?
Type IV
Pancreas
T cells attack insulin producing cells
What type of hypersensitivity is Graves’ disease, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?
Type III
Thyroid
Antibodies against thyroid, stimulating hormone receptors
What type of hypersensitivity is multiple sclerosis, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?
Type II and IV
Myelin
T cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neurons
What is opsonization?
Marking/ binding of antigens by antibodies so they can be found and killed
