Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 1

This type of immune responses mobilized after external barriers have been compromised and inflammation activated

Question 2

Name some features of adaptive immunity.

Answer 2

It promotes processes against the infection

It is different from inflammation

It is inducible specific long lived and has a memory

Question 3

What are two of the main players in adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

Antigens
Lymphocytes

Question 4

What are antigens?

Answer 4

Molecules on the surface of microbes, infected cells, or abnormal tissues

The molecular targets of antibodies

Question 5

What are lymphocytes

Answer 5

Pathogen fighting cells

Question 6

Name two types of lymphocytes cells.

Answer 6

T cells
B cells

Question 7

Where are T cells derive from?

Answer 7

The Thymus

Question 8

Where are B cells derived from?

Answer 8

The bone marrow

Question 9

Name 4 types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 9

Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
active immunity
Passive immunity

Question 10

Describe humoral immunity.

Answer 10

Antibodies are circulating in the blood

Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

Question 11

Describe cellular immunity.

Answer 11

T cells in blood and tissues defend against intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

Question 12

Describe active immunity

Answer 12

Develops after exposure to antigen

Long lived

Question 13

Describe passive immunity

Answer 13

Preformed antibodies, or T cells are administered

This is temporary

Question 14

Name some types of Th cells

Answer 14

Th 1- helps develop cell mediated immunity (Tc cells)

Th 2- helps develop humoral immunity

Th 17- secretes lymphokine, activates macrophages

Treg- limits immune response

T cytotoxic- reacts with antigens on virus, infected with cancer cells
- Develop into tc effector cells that can destroy abnormal cells

Question 15

What does autoimmunity mean?

Answer 15

The body attacks it’s own cells

Question 16

What are APCs?

Answer 16

Antigen presenting cells that present antigens to Th cells

Question 17

Name some classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins

Answer 17

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
B cells

Question 18

Describe the role of the lymphocytes

Answer 18

They produce antibodies that become major cells in blood plasma

Question 19

Activated B cells become what in relation to blood?

Answer 19

Plasma cells

Question 20

What is the difference between a monomer,dimer and a pentamer?

Answer 20

Monomer has one chain, dimer has 2, pentamer has five

Question 21

Describe two types of response to antigens

Answer 21

Primary and secondary

Question 22

Describe the primary response to antigens

Answer 22

The latent period- first exposure
Lack of antibodies for the antigen
IgM type antibodies are secreted

Question 23

Describe a secondary response to antigens

Answer 23

Immune system is exposed again to the same antigen within weeks months or years and a response occurs

Speed an intensity because of memory be sells formed in primer response

Question 24

Secondary response to antigen is also called what

Answer 24

Anamnestic response

Question 25

Name the four types of hypersensitivity states

Answer 25

Type 1 – immediate hypersensitivity Type 2- antibody mediated Type 3- immune complex mediated Type 4- T cell mediated

Question 26

Describe type 1 hypersensitivity, and give example(s)

Answer 26

IGE mediated Involves mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators Anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma

Question 27

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 27

Antibody mediated IgG, IgM antibodies act on cells with complement and cause cell lysis Include some autoimmune diseases Eg. Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis

Question 28

Describe hypersensitivity state III

Answer 28

Immune complex mediated Antibody mediated inflammation Circulating IGG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs Includes some autoimmune diseases Example: Lupus, serum sickness, arthritis, rheumatic fever

Question 29

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity state

Answer 29

T cell mediated Delete every sensitivity and cytotoxic reaction in tissues Include some autoimmune diseases Example: infection reactions, contact dermatitis, graft rejection

Question 30

What is an immune deficiency?

Answer 30

Failure of the immune mechanisms to function normally resulting in increased susceptibility to infections

Question 31

Name two types of immune deficiencies

Answer 31

Primary (congenital) secondary (acquired)

Question 32

What causes primary immunodeficiency and give an example

Answer 32

Caused by genetic anomaly Example: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 33

What causes secondary immuno deficiency give an example

Answer 33

Cause by another illness HIV/AIDS Cancer, drugs, cancer treatment

Question 34

What type of hypersensitivity is type one diabetes, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

Answer 34

Type IV Pancreas T cells attack insulin producing cells

Question 35

What type of hypersensitivity is Graves’ disease, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

Answer 35

Type III Thyroid Antibodies against thyroid, stimulating hormone receptors

Question 36

What type of hypersensitivity is multiple sclerosis, what is the target organ? name some characteristics?

Answer 36

Type II and IV Myelin T cells and antibodies sensitized to myelin sheath destroy neurons

Question 37

What is opsonization?

Answer 37

Marking/ binding of antigens by antibodies so they can be found and killed