Canadian Healthcare System Flashcards
Describe the BNA act of 1867
-British North America Act
-explained how the new Canadian government would work under the new confederation
-decided the federal would be an umbrella over the provincial governments
What was the division of responsibilities under the BNA act of 1867?
Federal responsibilities:
-health of indigenous people
-health policy and contagious diseases
-pharmaceutical and food safety (Health Canada)
Provincial and Territorial responsibilities:
-public health (hospitals, mental health facilities, education)
-passed “Insanity Act” which is now the mental health act
What is the early history of mental health?
-demonic possession, sin, or biological causes
-early asylum care included inhumane treatments
-humane treatment started in the 1700s by Philippe Pinel
What does Moral theory refer to?
-talking to patients and creating a calm environment
-started with more humane treatment due to Philippe Pinel
Describe the Canadian Asylums
-began in Quebec and the Maritimes
-eventually each province opened an asylum
-moral theory lacked success
-Dorothea Dix advocated for humane treatment and visited the Pope to spread the word
-in the 1900s began radical theories, ex. shock therapy, lobotomies, and psychotherapy
When were psychotropic drugs introduced?
late 1950s to 1960s
Describe the deinstitutionalization of Canada’s asylums
-1950s to 1980s
-Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) published a framework for mental health reform (1963)
-said the mental illness should be treated with the same level of professionalism and organization as physical illness
-less hospitalization
-less expensive
-community based service
-community housing
Was deinstitutionalization successful?
Not as much as planned
-resulted in a lot of homelessness
-trans-institutionalization (redistribution of patients)
What was the first hospital in Canada?
Hospital-Hotel-Dieu de Quebec
-relied on financing from the wealthy and organizations
-in 1900 the government started providing some funds for hospitals
-religious and charitable agencies
What are some of the major volunteer agencies that worked in health services?
-Order of St John (St. John’s Ambulance)
-the Canadian Red Cross
-Victorian Order of Nurses VON
-Children’s Aid society
-Canadian Mental Health Association
What are the 4 sacred medicines?
tobacco, cedar, sage, and sweet grass
What influence did the world wars have on medicine?
-improved techniques and technology
-triage was introduced
-traumatic injuries required advanced anesthesia, infection control, and surgery
-plastic surgery
-stored blood
-x-ray machines improved
-electron microscopes
-oximetry
-penicillin
What are the important Canadian medical discoveries?
-insulin
-Hans Selye, father of the field of stress research
-first artificial kidney machine
-introduction of lumpectomy for tx of breast cancer
-first device to deliver radiation in the tx of cancer
-discovery of blood forming stem cells
-first artificial knee joint
Describe the evolution of the Social Safety Net
-the great depression left a lot of people without work
-determined that the government should insure a standard of living and access to services for all
What is the Nationally Legislated Social Safety Net?
-services for when you need it
1942- M. King (PM) unemployment insurance
1944- Family allowance (now child tax benefit)
1948- National Health Grants program
1952- Old age security (70+ yrs)
What was the situation prior to medicare?
-before WW2, healthcare in Canada was privately delivered
-doctors often went without payment
-People suffered and or died without medical care
-financial ruin
Describe Tommy Douglas
-believed healthcare was a basic human right
-leader of first socialist party in North America
-Premier of Saskatchewan
-introduced government insurance for hospitalization and later, medical doctor visits
-led the way for social reforms in the rest of Canada
What are the 5 pillars of healthcare?
1) universality
2) portability
3) comprehensive coverage
4) public administration
5) accessibility
What is the Established Programs Financing Act?
-replaced the 50/50 funding for medical care
-allowed provinces greater freedom in setting policies and allowing the federal government to control its share of the costs
-reallocation of funding to community, long term care, ambulatory care, etc.
What was determined by the Hall Report #2 (1980)?
Was Canada’s national-provincial health program report for the 80s
-extra billing violated medicare
-was a movement towards the 2-tiered health system
-recommendations: doctors could bill outside of medicare
-national standards be set
-accessibility be added
-form a national health council
