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D3 Condensed > Canada Copied & Amended > Flashcards

Canada Copied & Amended Flashcards

1
Q

The Niagara Peninsula VQA is further divided into 2 main appellations. What are they?

A

Niagara Escarpment

Niagara-On-The-Lake

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2
Q

What is the climate throughout Canada’s wine regions?

What helps moderate the high temperatures of July and August?

A

Continental

Proximity to large lakes help moderate the temperature extremes

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3
Q

84% of British Columbia’s vineyards are planted in what appellation?

A

Okanagan Valley

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4
Q

Most important hybrid in Canada is Vidal - describe it and wine made

A
  • Most important hybrid is Vidal Blanc
    • Bred from Ugni Blanc and Seyval Blanc
    • Produces the majority of Icewine
    • Can withstand Canada’s harsh winters
    • Has high acidity (not as high as Riesling)
    • Slow ripening and thick skins
    • Particularly suitable for sweet late-harvest wines and Icewine
    • Doesn’t have the aromatic complexity and ageing potential of the finest Riesling Icewines
    • Wines:
      • High acidity
      • Stone and tropical fruit flavours such as peach and mango
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5
Q

Winter freeze is a serious challenge for viticulture in Canada - what is done about it?

A
  • Winter Freeze:
    • Where you have bitterly cold winters
    • vines are buried in areas like Prince Edward County
    • this is time consuming and labour intensive
    • can add significantly to production costs
    • in areas where the winters are not so bitterly cold they hill up soil around the vines to protect the graft unions
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6
Q

What are the 5 dominant varieties grown in Ontario’s Niagara Peninsula?

A

Riesling / Cabernet Franc / Gamay / Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

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7
Q

What is the French hybrid variety allowed for Candian VQA Icewine?

Where is it mostly found and what types of wine does it typically make?

A

Vidal

Niagara Peninsula DVA, Ontario

When made into a dry white wine, it has little character, but commonly used for Icewine production.

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8
Q

What are the rules regarding imported wine/must being bottled in Canada?

A
  • Significant amt of wine bottled is from imported must or wine
    • Termed “International Canadian blends”
    • Can say “cellared in Canada”
    • but label must state imported wines were used
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9
Q

If an appellation under the VQA system is used in British Columbia what are the labelling requirements?

A
  • If an appellation is named on label:
    • 95% of grapes must come from that appellation

& remainder from rest of British Columbia

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10
Q

the three primary appellations of Ontario? and labelling rules applicable?

A
  • Three primary appellations:
    • Niagara Peninsula
    • Lake Erie North Shore
    • Prince Edward County
    • If appellation is on any label;
      • 85% of grapes must have come from appellation
      • Balance must come from somewhere else in Ontario
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11
Q

The significant change in vineyards plantings in Canada since the 80s has been?

A
  • Significant increase in Vinifera plantings since late 1980s
    • Mainly Bordeaux varietals
    • Merlot, Cabernet Franc and some Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Plus Chardonnay, Pinot noir
    • and aromatic white varieties – Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
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12
Q

What are the 3 main sub-appellations of the Ontario VQA in Canada?

A

Lake Erie North Shore

Prince Edward County

Niagara Peninsula

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13
Q

Ice Wine is Canada’s largest export - any details?

A

15% by volume and 66% by value of exports

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14
Q

The Okanagan Valley is one of the most northerly wine regions in the world at 50 degrees North latitude - what is its climate like?

A
  • Climate
    • Lake that moderates the hot summers and semi-arid condition
    • Range of climates cool northern end to hot desert in the south
    • one of the world’s most northerly wine region
    • Extreme continental climate;
    • Spring frosts an issue; vineyards planted on mid-level slopes to reduce risk of frosts
    • Summers hot, temps 40°C despite lake effect
    • Altitude: 300-600m; cooling creating a wide diurnal
    • Sub-appellations created to recognize the characteristics of sub regions
    • Rainfall: 300mm South & 400mm in North
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15
Q

What are Canada’s two most important wine regions?

What are the most important DVAs in each region?

A

Ontario - Niagara Peninsula

British Columbia - Okanagan Valley

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16
Q

The effect of Lake Okanagan on the climate compared to the lakes of Ontario?

A

Lakes are much smaller than Ontario and have less impact on the local climate

17
Q

Simply summarise Canada’s appellation system and requirements

A
  • VQA wines
    • The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
    • Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
    • Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province but the rules are generally:
      • must be made from 100% grapes grown in respective province
      • 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
      • Single variety: 85% of variety
      • If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
    • The VQA rules, administered by each Provincial government, determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
18
Q

Most vineyards in Canada are planted by Lakes, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Lakes:

  • Most vineyards planted near lakes to moderate temps
  • Lake effect reduces risk of winter freeze by moderating the temperature
  • In Spring, water heats up slowly delaying budbreak until after spring frosts have passed
  • In Autumn, retains summer warmth into Autumn, extending the growing season
  • In Winter:
    • Moisture from lakes evaporate during winter and meets the cold ambient air
    • snow is formed; enough snow to cover & protect the vines by insulating them from cold air
    • the snow therefore covers and protects the vines
  • Climate change - increasingly unpredictable winters & in some years minimal protective cover of snow
  • Lakes cause higher levels of humidity; risk of fungal disease
19
Q

VQA wines were introducted in the late 80s and was done to promote Canadian wine - give details on how this system works

A
  • VQA wines
    • must be made from grapes grown in respective province
    • The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
    • Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
    • Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province
      • The VQA rules determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
    • 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
    • Single variety: 85% of variety
    • If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
20
Q

Icewine? Give all the details, the wine laws, describe the wines, explain the winemaking

A

Icewine

  • Largest producer of Icewine
  • Ontario accounts for vast majority of Production
  • Law states
    • that Grapes must be harvested at -8°C or below
    • no chaptalization allowed
    • can only be made from grapes frozen naturally on the vine
    • made from grapes exclusively grown in Canada
    • from either vinifera frapes or Vidal
    • minimum sugar levels are prescribed
    • no artificial concentration or addition of sugars
  • Some harvested by hand; as labour is difficult to find, machine harvested
  • Freezing concentrates sugars;
  • Wines
    • High levels of sugar means that ferment stops at 9-11% abv and 200-250g/l;
    • Varieties used should have high natural Acidity
    • Most made from Vidal
    • The most complex, well-balanced examples are from Riesling
    • best have intense aromas of stone and tropical fruit – peach and mango
    • command premium and super-premium prices
  • Winemaking
    • Often fermented & stored in SS to retain fruit aromas;
    • oak sometimes used to and extra flavours of spice, vanilla
    • Expensive to produce
      • Yields are very low; 10% of still wine production;
      • Dehydrating grapes, damaged or lost to bad weather while waiting for temps to drop to -8°
    • Chaptilisation is prohibited
21
Q

VQA stands for?

A

Vintners Quality Alliance

22
Q

Most planted white vitis vinifera in Ontario - just the top two and the wine styles made from them

A
  • Most planted white VINIFERA:
    • Riesling:
      • High Acidity; citrus, peach, floral
      • Range from dry to sweet
    • Chardonnay:
      • Medium (+) to High Acidity;
      • Apple, Citrus, typical of cooler climate; although some stone fruit, tropical found in warmer sites
23
Q

Most planted white vitis vinifera in Ontario - just the top two and the wine styles made from them

A
  • Most planted white VINIFERA:
    • Riesling:
      • High Acidity; citrus, peach, floral
      • Range from dry to sweet
    • Chardonnay:
      • Medium (+) to High Acidity;
      • Apple, Citrus, typical of cooler climate; although some stone fruit, tropical found in warmer sites

D3 Condensed (27 decks)

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