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D3 Condensed > Australia Copied & Amended > Flashcards

Australia Copied & Amended Flashcards

1
Q

Australian wines labeled with a grape varietal must contain what percentage of that grape?

A

85%

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2
Q

Name the grape which accounts for 45% of all vines planted in Australia?

A

Shiraz

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3
Q

Tumbarumba?

A

Tumbarumba:

  • Quality wines
  • Range of altitudes
  • Continental climate
  • Warm days and cooler nights
  • Slightly cooler than Hilltops
  • Pinot & Chardonnay for still and sparkling mainly
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4
Q

Which Australian region specializes in Botrytized Semillon?

A

Riverina in New South Wales

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5
Q

The Hunter produces a uniqe expression of Semillon - describe it and how is it made

A
  • Semillon
    • Unique expression of the varietal
    • Dry; light bodied; high Acidity; low alcohol (10-11%);delicate Citrus ch & fairly neutral in youth
    • Can age for decades ; developing complex & pronounced Toast, Honey, Hay notes with bottle ageing
    • Highest quality not released until 5 years old
    • Grapes picked early; must gently pressed; no skin contact to avoid extraction of phenolic compounds as Tannins;
    • Must fermented at moderate temps in SS tanks
    • Bottled straight away: rarely see oak
    • Good to Outstanding quality: Mid – Premium priced
    • Significant producer: TYRRELLS & MOUNT PLEASANT
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6
Q

Where is Clare Valley, what’s the climate like and what white wine is it renowned for making and what does it taste like?

A

120 km north of Adelaide

Warm Mediterranean climate with a high diurnal range due to altitude on vineyards at 300-500mRL

Riesling - Dry, intense citrus and lime with hi acidity
with bottle age, honey and toast

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7
Q

What are the climate risks in Hunter Valley?

What are some natural / human factors that help mitigate these?

A

RISK: Rainy weather often at harvest

RISK: Hot climate can cause grapes to over-ripen

RISK: Rot from humid conditions

  • Good canopy management essential
  • Prevailing northeast winds from the Pacific help to cool the vineyards.
  • Cloud cover helps to shield vines from the sun.
  • Early harvesting can help alleviate high sugar levels.
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8
Q

Where is Mornington Peninsula, what’s the climate like, what two grapes is it most renowned for producing and what do they taste like?

A

South of Melbourne

Cool~Moderate Maritime. Vintages can vary due to cool, wet and windy weather around flowering and harvest

Pinot Noir - light, delicate and structured displaying pure fruit characteristics

Chardonnay - Citrus, pear, apple with hi acid usually softened with MLF

Also Pinot Gris

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9
Q

Where does Australia currently rank in terms of total production worldwide?

A

7th

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10
Q

Where is Geelong, how does its climate compare to Yarra Valley and Mornington Peninsula, what is it most renowned for producing and what does it taste like?

A

West of Melbourne

Cool~Moderate Maritime, but warmer than Yarra Valley / Mornington Peninsula

Very high quality Chardonnay; complex, concentrated with a full body

Also good earthy Pinot Noir, and fresh and peppery Shiraz

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11
Q

What is the most important GI for fine wines in the Limestone Coast?

A

Coonawarra GI

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12
Q

Which regions make up the Barossa Zone?

A

Barossa Valley + Eden Valley

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13
Q

Chardonnay from Tasmania - describe the wines

A

Chardonnay

  • Around 25% of total plantings
  • Wines
    • Medium Bodied with Medium Alcohol
    • Flavours of apple, white peach, pear
    • High Acidity often with full MLF (softens & enhances texture)
    • Generally Barrel ferment (texture & Integration of Oak)
    • Matured in old Oak , with some new
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14
Q

What 5 grapes are predominant in Margaret River?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Merlot

Chardonnay

Sauvignon Blanc

Semillon

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15
Q

What is Australian Semillon like

Youthful

With age

When is it picked?

How is it fermented?

Which region has made it its own grape?

A

Youthful - Light body, neutral taste

With age- Develops honey and toast, can age 20 years

Harvested early with low sugar levels and high acidity

Fermented protectively, SO2 and Stainless steel all the way

Hunter Valley

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16
Q

Where is Barossa Valley, what’s the climate like, what is it most famous for producing, and what does it taste like?

A

North of Adelaide

Warm, dry climate

Old Bush vine Shiraz, Cab Sauv, and Grenache - Full body, soft tannin, ripe Black fruit with sweet American oak

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17
Q

South Australia wine regions are based around which city and name the 6 premier regions

A

Centered around Adelaide

Barossa Valley

Eden Valley

Clare Valley

Adelaide Hills

McClaren Vale

Coonawara

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18
Q

In which Australian wine region is the Tamar valley, and what are they famed for producing?

A

Tasmania

Mainly Pinot Noir / Chardonnay, but cool climate Cabernet Sauvignon can also be successful.

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19
Q

What five companies dominate Australian wine production?

A
  • Five companies dominate
    • Accolade wines
    • Casella Family brands
    • Treasury Wine Estates
    • Pernod Ricard
    • Australian Vintage
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20
Q

What is the style of quality Australian Chardonnay and what is the climate like in the best regions?

A

Fresh, vibrant fruit, subtle lees, MLF and/or oak

Cool, moderate (Adelaide Hills, Mornington Peninsula, Yarra) or just warm regions (Margaret River)

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21
Q

What 3 zones does the Adelaide Superzone include?

A

Barossa / Fleurieu / Mt. Lofty Ranges

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22
Q

What are the No.1 black and white grapes in Australia?

A

Shiraz and Chardonnay

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23
Q

Pinot Noir from Tasmania - describe the wines

A

Pinot Noir

  • Almost 50% of total!
  • Wines
    • Light to Medium bodied
    • Medium to High Acidity
    • Medium Alcohol
    • Strawberry and cherry aromas
  • Warmer sites more Riper, Intense style
  • Matured in older oak, with some new oak for premium examples
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24
Q

Generally, Australia’s main growing regions have warm or hot climates.

What are 3 sources of cooling and examples of regions:

A

Southern or Indian oceans (Tasmania, Coonawarra)

Murray River System (Goulburn, Murray-Darling)

Altitude (Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills)

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25
Q

What percentage of Australian wine is exported?

A
  • In 2018 it exported 8.5m hl – about 66% of its total production
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26
Q

Where is Goulburn Valley, what’s the climate like, what is it most renowned for producing and what does it taste like?

A

East of Heathcote

Warm, mitigated slightly by lakes and creeks

Shiraz is the most planted, but Marsanne is the speciality; citrus fruit in youth developing honey aromas with age

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27
Q

The Goulburn Valley & Bendigo are part of Central Victoria, what are they known for?

A
  • Goulburn Valley & Bendigo
    • well suited to ripe, full bodied reds
    • Goulburn produces whites with Marsanne, Roussanne and Viognier
    • Marsanne long history in zone
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28
Q

What is the second most planted red grape in Australia?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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29
Q

Where is Margaret River, what’s the climate like and what is it most renowned for producing?

A

200km South of Perth

Warm Maritime with fairly high rainfall

Cab Sav, mainly blended with Merlot in a Bordeaux style

Chardonnay / Sauvignon Blanc / Semillon

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30
Q

What’s that soil in Coonawarra called and what is it made up?

Where else in the world is this soil found?

A

“Terra Rossa”

Red clayey topsoil over a limestone subsoil

La Mancha, Spain

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31
Q

Where does the best Australian Pinot Noir come from and what is its style?

A

From cool ~ moderate sites (Yarra, Mornington Peninsula, and Tasmania)

Medium body, med alc, med~hi acidity, Cherry and Strawberry

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32
Q

Vineyard planted in hectares? and name the top three varieties

A
  • Vineyard planted in 2017 – 146,000 Ha.
  • Shiraz – 40,000 Ha.
  • Cabernet Sauvignon - ~25,000 Ha.
  • Chardonnay – over 20,000 Ha.
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33
Q

Simply summarise the Australian GI hierarchy system

A

Zones - Can be huge, can be states or several states e.g. South Australia, South-Eastern Australia Zone

Regions - e.g. Coonawara, Clare Valley, Margaret River They must have consistent and distinct qualities from neighbouring regions.

Sub-regions - Notable areas with distinct and unique qualities

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34
Q

Terra Rossa soils in Coonawarra produce the best wines, describe them.

A
  • Best wines from Terra Rossa soils
    • Free draining iron-rich loam, avg 50cm depth over hard limestone base that roots struggle to penetrate, restricting access to water
    • Soils slight Alkaline; restricting nutrients
    • these restrictions control vigour & produce lower concentrated yields
    • Under hard limestone- water retaining softer limestone ; used for irrigation
    • Terra Rossa soils form narrow strip in central core of region; land expensive
35
Q

What is the predominant style of Australian Riesling and in which two regions is it most famous?

A

Citrus - Lime, lemon and grapefruit with high acidity.
It rapidly develops notes of toast, honey and petrol.

Usually dry or slightly off-dry

Eden and Clare valleys

36
Q

What type of oak barrel was most commonly used in Australia until recent times?

A

300l American Hogshead

37
Q

Heathcote - what are the % of black varieties planted, and Shiraz in particular - describe the Shiraz wines made

A
  • 84% of plantings are Black varieties
  • Shiraz is 50% of Black varieties
  • Shiraz:
    • Medium (+) Acidity
    • Full bodied; High Alcohol
    • Pronounced aromas of ripe dark fruit; Cherry & plum; Sweet spices
    • Good to Outstanding quality - Mid to Premium priced
38
Q

Where is McLaren Vale, what’s the climate like, what grapes does it mostly grow, vinified in what style?

A

Coast S of Adelaide

Warm climate tempered by afternoon breezes

Mainly black grapes; Shiraz, Cab Sav, Merlot and Grenache being intensely flavoured with dark fruit aromas and soft, ripe, tannins.

Old vine Shiraz and Grenache too

39
Q

Clare Valley is renowned for Riesling but which 2 black grapes does it do well with and what do they taste like?

A

Shiraz - Fragrant, powerful with structure

Excellent Cab Sav - Diff styles depending on vineyard location

40
Q

The King and Alpine Valleys are located in which zone of which Australian state?

A

Northeast Victoria

41
Q

Wines labelled “Barossa” may source their fruit from which regions?

A

Barossa Valley and Eden Valley

42
Q

climate of Tasmania?

A

cool Maritime climate with weather coming off the Southern ocean

43
Q

Grampians wine regions - describe it and name a key producer

A

Grampians

  • 130 kms inland
  • Moderate climate
  • Temps moderated by Altitude-240-440m
  • Wide diurnal range; thus retaining acidity
  • Slopes reduce risk of spring frosts; lower vineyards at risk
  • Rainfall low in growing season-250mm
  • Sandy, Loamy soils retain water well-No irrigation
  • Some soils acidic- resulting in reduced vigour & yields unless treated with Lime
  • MOUNT LANGI GHIRAN (GRAMPIANS)
44
Q

Which country has the fastest growing consumption levels of Australian wine?

A

China

45
Q

Where is Hunter Valley?

What’s the climate like and how is it mitigated?

What is it most renowned for producing and what does it taste like?

What is the most popular grape planted now?

A

North of Sydney in NSW

Sub-tropical, the warmest of Australia’s traditional wine regions. cloud cover and ocean breezes mitigate

Semillon - Light body, low alc, high acidity, neutral flavour

With age - Toast, nuts and honey

Chardonnay is most popular; White wine accounts for 60% of wines produced.

46
Q

What two varieties add up to more than 50% of total Australian exports in volume and value terms

A
  • Over 50% of all exports are Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon
47
Q

Which zone is the Cowra GI located in?

What grapes are mainly cultivated (3 red / 4 white)?

A

New South Wales

Red Grapes: Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

White Grapes: Chardonnay, Semillon, Verdelho, Sauvignon Blanc

48
Q

Identify the correct designation for the following GIs:

  1. Hunter Valley
  2. Hunter
  3. Upper Hunter Valley
A
  1. Zone
  2. Region
  3. Sub-Region
49
Q

Where is Yarra Valley, what’s the climate like, what is it most renowned for producing and what does it taste like?

A

NE of Melbourne

Cool~moderate maritime. Varied by altitude and aspects

Pinot Noir - Rich fruit; strawberries, plums and dark cherries. Careful use of oak adds complexity

50
Q

Macedon Ranges - describe it and what varietals it is known for

A

Macedon Ranges:

  • North of Melbourne (not NE as in the book!)
  • 143 ha only – very small region
  • 40 small quality focused wineries
  • Macedon ranges are on the SW part of the Great Dividing Range
  • Vineyards at altitude from 300-800mRL
  • Climate
    • One of the coolest climate in mainland Australia
    • Careful site selection needed to reduce frost risk & enhance ripening
  • Viticulture, soils, etc
    • Shallow, Granitic, sandy loams found on hillsides, which naturally reduce yields
    • deeper loams found on lower slopes
  • Winemaking
    • Chardonnay & Pinot Noir widely grown
    • elegant Riesling is a specialty with intense lime & lemon
    • Shiraz
      • distinctive black pepper character
      • needs a warm site & sunny year to ripen fully
51
Q

Which 2 Australian states have been affected by phylloxera?

A

New South Wales.

Victoria.

52
Q

Which region is larger in both size and production: Barossa Valley or Napa Valley?

A

Napa Valley

53
Q

What is the common style of Australian Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Darker, firmer tannins with higher acidity than Shiraz.

Defined by elegance, soft tannins, red fruit, and a telltale note of eucalyptus

54
Q

Which 2 regions in Australia are best known for their dry Riesling production?

A

Clare Valley

Eden Valley

55
Q

Give an example of 1 cool climate region and 1 warm region in Australia where Chardonnay is grown.

What is the impact that climate has on the fruit characteristics of these wines?

A

Cool Climate:

Mornington peninsula. Chardonnays here reflect the cool growing conditions by having citrus, pear and apple aromas and high acidities, usually softened with MLF.

Warm Climate:

Margaret River in Western Australia, wines display concentrated stone fruit aromas and retain high acidity; sometimes produced using barrel-aging and MLF to add complexity.

56
Q

Which states are at least partially included in the Southeast Australia Multistate Zone?

A
  • South Australia
  • Victoria
  • Tasmania
  • New South Wales
  • Queensland
57
Q

What is the body of water that features Geelong to its west and Mornington Peninsula to its east?

A

Port Phillip Bay

58
Q

Which country imports the most Australian wine?

A

USA

59
Q

What are the traditional and modern styles of Australian Shiraz, name regions of each:

A

Warm/Hot - opaque, dense, heavily extracted, dark fruit and chocolate notes. (Barossa/Hunter)

Cool - Leaner more peppery style (Geelong/Heathcote)

60
Q

Top export markets for Australia by volume?

A
  • Top export markets by volume:
    • United Kingdom
    • China
    • USA
    • Canada
    • Germany
61
Q

Besides Riverina, what is the main wine producing region in New South Wales?

A

Hunter Valley

62
Q

What is Tasmania’s top 3 planted grape varieties?

A
  1. Pinot Noir
  2. Chardonnay
  3. Sauvignon Blanc
63
Q

what temp is Hunter Semillon typically fermented at?

A

A moderate temperature

64
Q

Where is Tasmania, what’s the climate like, what is it most renowned for producing and what does it taste like?

A

An island south of Victoria.

Australia’s coolest grap-growing area. Maritime climate with cooling westerlies from Southern Ocean

Pinot Noir, Cab Sav

Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Gris

65
Q

Where is Eden Valley, what’s the climate like and what white wine is it renowned for making and what does it taste like?

A

In the hills East of Barossa valley

Cool~moderate varying with altitude

Outstanding Riesling - Lime, grapefruit and steely
After 10 years in bottle can develop marmalade and toast

66
Q

Match the Australian GI with its most famous style of wine:

Eden Valley

Yarra Valley

Barossa Valley

Hunter Valley

Margaret River

Coonawarra

Clare Valley

McLaren Vale

A

Eden Valley: Dry Riesling

Yarra Valley: Pinot Noir

Barossa Valley: Bold Shiraz

Hunter Valley: Dry Semillon

Margaret River: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Semillon/Sauvignon Blanc blends.

Coonawarra: Cabernet Sauvignon

Rutherglen: Muscat-based sweet wine.

Clare Valley: Dry Riesling

McLaren Vale: Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon

67
Q

Where are the Adelaide Hills, what’s the climate like and what is it renowned for growing?

A

25km E of Adelaide

Cool to Moderate mediterranean, all vineyards above 400m.

Maritime influence means 280-320mm of rainfall during growing season

60% white varieties

Sauvignon Blanc (25% all plantings) and Chardonnay

plus Pinot Noir

68
Q

Where is Coonawarra, what’s the climate like, what grape is it most renowned for and what does it taste like?

A

Narrow strip 400km SE of Adelaide

Moderate Maritime cooled by current from the Antarctic and cloud cover.

Cabernet Sauvignon - Concentrated, structured, Cassis, Eucalyptus or menthol

69
Q

Approximately how many wineries are currently producing wine in Australia?

A

Approximately 2,500 wineries are currently operating

70
Q

What is it that allows vineyards in the state of Victoria produce high quality wines?

A

Some of the coolest vineyards in Australia, cooled by ocean breezes.

The Great Dividing Range provides aspects and altitude

71
Q

In the state of Victoria what is generally grown

On the higher slopes?

On the lower slopes?

A

Higher - Elegant Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Riesling and Sauvignon Blanc

Lower - Shiraz and Cab Sav in fresher, lighter styles

72
Q

Northern Tasmania’s climate is similar to that of which 2 regions?

A

Champagne / Rheingau

73
Q

Is chaptalization legal in Australia?

A

No

74
Q

Name 5 wine regions in Victoria centered around the city of Melbourne:

A

Yarra valley

Mornington Peninsula

Geelong

Sunbury

Gippsland

75
Q

Yarra Valley Pinot Noir, describe the winemaking and the wines made

A

Pinot Noir

  • 1/2 of all black grape plantings
  • Light to medium style
    • Lighter wines come from cooler, higher vineyards;
    • Whole bunch ferment used increasingly to enhance perfumed fruity aromas
    • Strawberry, red cherry, plum characters
  • Medium bodied wines
    • warmer sites
    • riper fruit character
  • Mix of old & new oak in maturation bigger barrels (500L); some foudres (over barriques)
  • Good to outstanding quality; mid to premium pricing
76
Q

What is the style of the better Australian Sauvignon Blancs and what are the best sites?

A

Concentrated Passion Fruit with hi acidity

Moderate temp regions (Adelaide Hills)

77
Q

Name the 3 major regions (and their states) for high-volume production in the South Eastern Australia ‘Super Zone’

A

Riverland / S.Australia

Murray-Darling / Victoria and NSW

Riverina / NSW

78
Q

Grapes destined for high-volume brands like Yellow Tail and Jacob’s Creek are most likely to come from what GIs and be labelled under what GI?

A

From Riverland (SA), Murray-Darling (VIC/NSW) and Riverina (NSW)

South East Australia GI

79
Q

What body of water is directly west of McLaren Vale GI?

A

Gulf of St. Vincent

80
Q

Clare Valley Riesling is the region’s premier white varietal - describe how it is made and tastes

Sub regions?

A

Riesling

  • 25% of plantings
  • Intense sunlight at low latitude, sunburn an issue
  • Canopies allowed to be thick and shade providing on western side to protect vines from afternoon sun
  • Fermented dry; medium alcohol; lime aromas
  • Higher acidity than Eden Valley
  • Riesling highlights diff soils found
  • Slate soils of Polish hills
    • Low in fertility, gives less aromatic flintier style; neutral in youth & develops honey & toasty notes with long bottle ageing
  • Limestone soils of Watervale
    • more fertile; more aromatic, floral style drunk young
  • Good to Outstanding in quality and Mid to Premium priced
81
Q

The Central Ranges zone in NSW has three key regions, name them and give some details on zone

A

CENTRAL RANGES ZONE

  • Split into 3 regions: From N to S
  • Mudgee: Orange: Cowra- Along western, inland side of the Great Dividing Ranges
  • Long history of wine production
  • Orange has grown recently and built reputation for high quality producers
  • But Cowra and Mudgee have shrunk in that same time
82
Q

Sustainable Winegrowing Australia

A
  • Sustainable Winegrowing Australia
    • own sustainable programme:
    • improving quality & minimize environmental impact
    • Feature of SWA is sustainable water use
    • many rely on irrigation- now sourced almost entirely from sustainable resources such as Dams and
    • recycled waste water from Adelaide
83
Q

Describe the Canberra district and wines made there

A

Canberra District:

  • Planted between 500-850mRL
  • Continental & high Altitude results in large Diurnal range - warm summers with cool nights
  • Altitude means Intense sunshine=helps ripening
  • Spring cold, frost an issue so site selection essential
  • Dry summers - irrigation necessary
  • Autumn rains can be challenging for some seasons
  • Black varieties most planted with Shiraz the most planted
  • Delicate, floral Rieslings and elegant peppery Shiraz as well as opulent Pinot noir.
  • SHIRAZ:
    • Most planted black grape
    • Warm temps; Intense sunlight;
    • Wide diurnal range contribute to deep colour ;Ripe Black Cherry flavours
    • High Tannins; High Acidity
    • Shiraz Viognier blends common
    • Good to Outstanding quality, mid to premium priced

RIESLING:

  • Most important white varietal
  • Dry, High Acidity; Delicate Floral & Citrus character
  • Very good to outstanding in quality
  • Key producers - CLONAKILLA & RAVENSWORTH
84
Q

What are viticultural conditions for Tasmania and what are hazards during the growing season?

A
  • Viticulture
    • Regions of:
      • Coal River Valley close to Hobart (South)
      • Tamar Valley & Piper’s River Close to Launceston (North)
      • Freycinet on the east coast is close to nothing
    • These Easterly regions sheltered by mountains from westerly winds and rain
    • They are drier than expected but still, particularly in the Tamar have reasonable levels of humidity and disease pressure
    • Risks of wind, rain, frost, drought & pests windbreaks, Drip irrigation, Netting, Leaf removal
    • Same levels of Plantings for Black & White

D3 Condensed (27 decks)

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