Calibration Of Locomotion Flashcards
What ways did Bhalla and Proffitt (1999) alter energetic costs of walking?(2)
Fatigue via exercise
Wearing a backpack
What happened when Bhalla and Proffitt (1999) increased energetic costs of walking?
Visual and verbal estimations of hill steepness were greater (than before)
What are demand characteristics?(2)
When participants form an interpretation of the experiments purpose
Causing them to change behaviour to fit interpretation
Explain Durgin 2009 ramp study (5)
Examined the effects of demand characteristics on slant perception
One group given a backpack with a cover story
Unexplained backpack condition gave greater slant estimates
Cover story backpack condition was not increased
Suggests Proffits findings due to demand characteristics
What are limitations of Durgin (2009) study?(3)
Can’t be generalised to walking on hills
The ramp may not have been steep enough to show change in perception
Small sample size may have lead to chance findings
Explain Schnalls 2010 glucose study (6)
Examined the effects of energy replenishment on slant perception
One group given glucose, one group given placebo beverage
Participants given backpack
Backpack makes task more challenge
So effects on resources can be seen
Glucose group perceived hill as less steep
Explain Rieser 1995 tractor study (5)
During biomechanically faster (than optic flow) condition the participants overshoot the target they are asked to blind walk to target
During biomechanically slower condition it takes less work to walk 8 metres so the participants underestimate the target when asked to blind walk
Affects speed of walking so they take a different amount of steps
Explain Witt 2010 intention calibration study (6)
Some participants walked on treadmill and some threw
Both groups were told that they will blind walk or throw respectively, post perception
The throwing group were then told to blind walk
The walking group overestimated walking distance
The throwing group did not
Implies that intention affects calibration
What is the strength of Durgin 2009 study
Shows that demand characteristics need to be controlled for
Proffitt 1999 backpack hill study finding
When wearing a backpack hills looked steeper to participant
Perception that supports action is calibrated for the ______ ______
Available resources
Explain Proffitt 2003 backpack distance study finding (2) and…
Describe Wood 2009 backpack study findings (2)
World looks further away with backpack on to participants when they had a backpack on
Sense of effort can calibrate locomotion
Unable to replicate Proffitts 2003 backpack study
Profitt’s findings may be due to demand characteristics
Explain glucose study Taylor-Covill and Eves 2014 (5)
Participants asked to estimate slant of staircase
After participant are offered a thank you gift of their choice
Participants who chose high energy gift also perceived hill as steeper
Suggests that those who chose high energy had lower glucose levels
May be why they perceived hill as steeper
Explain Rieser 1995 calibration specificity (3)
Participants took part on either walking or throwing adaptation
After the adaptation both groups had to blind throw and walk
However calibration only occurred specific to the activity previously undertaken
Explain Proffitt 2003 optic flow study (5)
One group received optic flow, on group had no optic flow while on treadmill
After adaptation participants asked to blind walk on the spot
Group with no optic flow drift forward more
Also no optic flow group perceived distance as further
Suggests motion can calibrate distance
