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Metabolism > Calcium/Phosphate > Flashcards

Calcium/Phosphate Flashcards

1
Q

List some signs/symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

Stones, moans + groans

  • kidney calculus (kidney stones)
  • lethargy
  • depression
  • constipation
  • kidney damage
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2
Q

Where is the biggest store of Ca/Pi in the body?

A

Skeleton/teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

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3
Q

Where are other bodily stores of calcium/phosphate?

A

Soft tissues

Extra cellular fluid

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4
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia?

A

Insufficient dietary intake

PTH deficiency- rare + deadly

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5
Q

What can cause an endogenous PTH deficiency? Why is it so dangerous?

A

Accidental removal of PT glands

Hyperexcitability of NMJ- tetany and eventual paralysis

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6
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia

A
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism- TF increased bone turnover
  • malignancy- some secrete PTHrp, some secrete factors that act locally to activate osteoclasts
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7
Q

Which are the most common causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism- parathyroid adenoma OR parathyroid hyperplasia

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8
Q

List some symptoms/signs of hypocalcaemia.

A 
Pins + needles
Tetany
Paralysis
Convulsions 
(Due to hyperexcitability of NMJ)
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9
Q

What is PTHrp and what does it do?

A

Parathyroid hormone related peptide
Mimics PTH
Binds to PTH receptors
Normal role- tooth eruption, mammary development, lactation, placental transfer of calcium

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10
Q

What are calcitriol and calcitonin?

A

Calcitriol is the activated form of vitamin D3- (1,25 OH vitamin D3)
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland that decreases calcium conc

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11
Q

Where is PTH secreted from?

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

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12
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from? And where does it act upon?

A

Parafollicular thyroid gland cells

Acts upon bone and kidney

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13
Q

What effects does calcitonin have in the kidneys?

A

Decrease reabsorption of calcium and phosphate

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14
Q

What effect does calcitonin have on bone?

A

Decrease osteoclast activity

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15
Q

What does 1, 25 OH vitamin D3 do to calcium/Phosphate levels? How?

A

Increases their levels by ^reabsorption in kidneys, ^osteoclasts in bones, ^absorption in the small intestine

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16
Q

Names for vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

1, 25 OH Vitamin D3

17
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the activation of Vitamin D3?

A

1 α hydroxylase

18
Q

What is 1-α hydroxylase activated by?

A

PTH

19
Q

What does PTH do to kidneys?

A

Activates 1 α-hydroxylase
Increases absorption of Ca from distal convoluted tubule
Decreases reabsorption of Pi from proximal convoluted tubules

20
Q

What does 1, 25 OH vitamin D3 do to calcium/Phosphate levels? How?

A

Increases their levels by ^reabsorption in kidneys, ^osteoclasts in bones, ^absorption in the small intestine

21
Q

What molecule is 1-α hydroxylase activated by?

A

PTH

22
Q

What does PTH do to kidneys?

A

Activates 1 α-hydroxylase
Increases absorption of Ca from distal convoluted tubule
Decreases reabsorption of Pi from proximal convoluted tubules

23
Q

What do high levels of calcium trigger?

A

Down regulation of transcription of PTH

Up regulate production of Calcitonin

24
Q

What do low levels of calcium trigger?

A

Up regulation of PTH production

Down regulate production of Calcitonin

25
Q

Calcitonin works to…

A

Decrease plasma levels of calcium

26
Q

PTH and active Vit D3 work to….

A

Raise plasma calcium levels

27
Q

Is vitamin D water soluble?

A

No it’s lipid soluble, transported on a protein in the blood

28
Q

What is the overall effect of PTH?

A

Raises Ca levels, Lowers Pi levels

29
Q

What is the overall effect of calcitonin?

A

Lowers Ca and PI levels

30
Q

What is the overall effect of vitamin D3?

A

Raises Ca and Pi levels

Metabolism (10 decks)

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