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GCSE Chemisty > C7 Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

C7 Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil

A

A fossil fuel

A finite resource

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules made from carbon and hydrogen only

Smallest hydrocarbon is methane

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3
Q

Homologous series

A

All alkanes have the same general formula C2H2n+2

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4
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The mixture of oils in crude oil separated into fractions

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5
Q

Products from crude oil

A

Fuel- liquified petroleum gas(LPG), petrol,kerosene, diesel oil, heavy fuel oil
Petrochemicals- solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents

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6
Q

Separating fractions

A

A fractional distillation column is used where the top is the coolest
Each oil is separated out at different points as the gases with low boiling points go to the top and heavier gas stay at the bottom

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7
Q

Why can be fractions be separated?

A

As molecules with larger chains have stronger bonds so have a higher boiling point than molecules in shorter weaker chains

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8
Q

Using fuels

A

Petrol and diesel in car engines
LPG in camping stoves
Kerosene in aircrafts
Heavy fuel oil in ships

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9
Q

What happens to the boiling point when molecules get larger

A

The boiling point increases

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10
Q

Larger molecules means

A

Boiling point and viscosity increases

Flammability decreases

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11
Q

What happens if you burn a hydrocarbon

A

Water and carbon dioxide are produced

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12
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When a fuel burns in a shortage of oxygen

Products are water, carbon monoxide and carbon

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13
Q

Complete combustion

A

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

Carbon and hydrogen in fuels are oxidised

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14
Q

Supply and demand

A

The solution to the demand for petrol is cracking.

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15
Q

Cracking

A

Kerosene can be cracked into petrol
Essentially it is using a night temperature and a catalyst to break long molecules into smaller molecules that are in a greater demand. The alkenes produced can also help in the production of many other chemicals

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16
Q

Testing for products of cracking

A

Bromine water is used to test for alkenes. When solution turns from orange to colourless you know there is an alkene
An alkane however will keep the solution orange as they don’t react

17
Q

Alkanes and alkenes

A

Alkanes are far less reactive than alkenes

18
Q

Alkenes

A 
Another series of hydrocarbons 
They have a double carbon bond 
Unsaturated molecules as they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane 
Have the formula CnH2n
Generally produce incomplete combustion
19
Q

Functional groups

A

Usually attached to the carbon skeleton

For an alkene the double bond breaks and the addition of atoms can be added to either side of the double bond

20
Q

The alcohol series

A

Contains functional group OH
Names of alcohols end in ol
Aqueous solutions of ethanol are produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast

21
Q

Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

A

Are used as fuels and solvents
Dissolve in water to form an neutral solution
React with sodium to produce hydrogen
Burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
Can be oxidised to produce carboxylic acids

22
Q

Making alcohol

A 
Fermentation needs:
Water
Enzymes from yeast
Temp between 25-40 degrees Celsius 
Absence of oxygen
23
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Contain carbon oxygen and hydrogen but still behave as acids
They dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
Have functional group of COOH
Weak acids so are particularly ionised in water

24
Q

Polymer

A

A very big molecule
A very long chain molecule
Molecule made from many small molecules called monomers

25
Q

Polymerisation

A

Reaction When many monomers are joined together to make a polymer
Small monomers join together to make polymers

26
Q

2 ways polymers can be made:

A

Addition

Condensation

27
Q

Addition polymers

A

Uses alkenes that have a double bond and addition can occur across this bond
High pressure and a catalyst

28
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Need at least 2 monomers of different functional groups joined together to create a new functional group
When they react they join together and lose small molecules such as water
Single reaction can be used multiple times to form long chains of molecules

29
Q

Amino acids functional groups

A

H2N-R-COOH

30
Q

Polypeptides

A

Amino acids react by condensation polymerisation to form these bonds
Different amino acids combined make different polypeptides

31
Q

3 carbohydrates

A

Starch
Sugar
Cellulose

32
Q

Carbohydrates

A

biological compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

33
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

Glucose and fructose

34
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Very long natural polymers
Starch
Cellulose

35
Q

DNA

A

2 polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides joined in the shape of a double helix

36
Q

Nucleotide

A

Made from sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a base

4 different bases so 4 different nucleotides

37
Q

Proteins

A

Natural polymers made from amino acids

Proteins differ from one another as there are 20 different amino acids arranged in different sequences

GCSE Chemisty (10 decks)

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