C10 Sustainable Development Flashcards
What do we use the earths resources for?
Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport
Sustainable
Being able to replenish to the same degree or higher than that of what we use
Finite resource
One that can not be made again
Crude oil, coal and iron core
Using data
By using per capita is allows us to identify the how much we are using of each resource in different places
Also when we are looking at pathways for chemical reactions
Potable water
Water that is safe to drink
Producing potable water
Aquifers
Wells
Water treatment
Sedimentation of particles so that solids drop to the bottom
Filtration of very fine particles using sand
Sterilisation to kill microbes. Sterilising agents include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light
Potable water from sea water
Desalination
Reverse osmosis
Potable water for all
People require water but to produce it it requires the burning of fossil fuels
Glaciers are also water sources
RP: Analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillation
Distillation technique
Test for purity by looking at the boiling point
Sampling equation
Sample size for each section = side of whole sample X size of section
Septic tanks
Allow anaerobic bacteria to develop that treat the water by decomposing it.
Sludge is collected at the base whilst clean water flows out of finger drains
Tank needs to be emptied periodically
Sewage treatment includes:
Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
The water footprint
The demand for water is increasing
We can monitor the water recycled and used in different areas like in reservoirs, industry, municipal and agriculture
Phytomining
Uses plants to absorb metal compounds.
They absorb metals through their roots and the plants are burned to extract the metals
Hyperaccumulators
Plants that absorb toxic metals and concentrated them in their tissue
Bioleaching
Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions containing metal compounds
Compounds are the processed through electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.
Cleaner process than traditional leaching using cyanide
Phytomining and Bioleaching evaluation
Is effective at removing metal
Smelting processes provide greater economic advantages
Would be helpful to sustainable cycle if used in brown sites to clean up toxic metals
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Asses the environmental impact of a product in each stage of its life
Stages in a simple LCA are to consider
Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing the product and packaging
The use and operation of the product during its life time
Disposal at the end of its useful life
Transport and distribution are included at each stage
Qualitative data
Description with numerical data
Quantitative data
Numerical terms
Reusing
Using the material again
Recycling
Using the old material to make a new object
The resume and recycling of materials reduces
The use of limited resources
The use of energy sources
Waste
The environmental impact
What components are needed for rusting?
Air and water
By reducing corrosion
We reduce the need for new materials
Corrosion prevention methods
greasing
painting
electroplating
Natural oxide coating (on aluminium)
Rusting
Redox reaction with the equation
Iron + oxygen + water= hydrated iron (III) oxide
Galvanising
Protects iron from rusting by covering it with a layer of zinc
Zinc acts as a sacrificial metal
Oxidation of iron can be written as a half equation
Fe^3+ = Fe + 3e^-
Alloys
Mixture of metals to make them harder, more durable and therefore more useful
Glass
Soda lime glass is the most common glass
Sand,sodium carbonate and limestone
Borosilicate glass- sand, boron trioxide (melts at higher temps)
Ceramics
Shaping wet clay in and heating in a furnace
Composites
Made of two materials
Is then reinforced with a binder
Polymers
Low density and high density poly(ethene) are produced from ethene
Made using different catalysts and different reaction conditions
Are thermosoftening polymers
Thermosoftening
Flexible
Can be made into fibres
Polymer chains move more freely over each other when heated
Thermosetting
Hard and brittle
Polymer chains are linked across chains by cross links so do not re soften on heating
Haber process
Nitrogen + hydrogen = ammonia
Uses a ctalyst of iron at high temperatures
High pressure and lower temp needed for high yield
Extracting nitrogen from air
By cytogenetic distillation (Making the mixture colder)
This requires a lot of energy as no oxygen can be present as it affects the catalyst(Iron)
Very costly as extraction is repeated several times
Minerals plants need
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Potassium
(NPK)
Enriching the soil using
Animal mature
Natural deposits of minerals
Synthetic fertilisers
Making fertilisers in a laboratory
- Use a measuring cylinder to pour alkali into a conical flask
- Add acid to the alkali until it is neutralised
- Evaporate solution in a evaporating basin
- Filter off the crystals
Industrial production of fertilisers
A. Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts and nitric acid
B. Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
C. Phosphoric acid is neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate
Ammonia phosphate equation
NH3 + H3PO4 = (NH4)3PO4
Making nitric acid
Oxidation
Oxidation
Reversible reaction
Absorption
Calcium nitrate
Made by adding nitric acid to an alkali or carbonate in lab
In industry acid is added to phosphate rock
