C7 Flashcards
Alkanes are useful for what
Fuels
General formula of an alkane
Cn H 2n+2
First 4 alkanes
Methane(ch4)
Ethane(c2h6)
Propane(c3h8)
Butane(c4h10
Alkanes-volatile(reactive) trend
SMALLER molecules are MORE volatile as they have WEAK INTERMOLECULAR FORCES -less energy to overcome+low boiling point
Why are long chain alkanes broken down (cracked)
HIGHER DEMAND for SMALL ALKANES like petrol
And ALKENES which make polymer
What is the functional group of alkanes
Carbon to carbon DOUBLE covalent bond
C=C
First 4 alkenes
Ethene(c2h4)
Propene(c3h6)
Butene(c5h10)
Pentene(c5h10)
General formula of alkene
Cn H 2n
First 4 alcohols
Methanol(CH3OH)
Ethanol(c2h5OH)
Propanol(c3h7OH)
Butanol(c4h9OH)
Different amino acids combine in the same chain to form…….
Proteins
A homologous series is
Group of carbon compounds with same functional group
Alkane flammability trend
as molecules get larger they get less flammable
Alkane viscosity trend(thickness)
SMALLER molecules are LESS VISCOUS(thick) as they have WEAKER INTERMOLECULAR forces
Testing for alkenes (are they more reactive than alkanes)
Alkenes are MORE REACTIVE than alkanes We can test for alkenes using bromine water (Br2) Bromine water is orange AlkANE-stays orange AlkENE-become colourless
Addition polymerisation is …..
MONOMERS (alkenes) with the SAME functional group join together forming ONE large molecule
(Double bond opens up)
Monomer is…..
Small molecule with c=c double bond
Alcohol functional group
+
Dissolved in water solution
-OH
(Dissolve in water=solutions with ph7
What are alcohols useful for
- solvents
- FUEL-react with oxygen in combustion reactions
Fermentation and temperature needed
Yeast + glucose—>ethanol + carbon dioxide
25• (no oxygen)
Hydration of Ethene happens at?
No specific numbers
- high temp
- high pressure
- catalyst
First 4 carboxylic acids (noic)
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
When are carboxylic acids formed
When alcohols are oxidised (c=o)
Eg ethanol + oxygen—>ethanoic acid+ water
Carboxylic acids functional group
-COOH
Weak acids in water
DNA is
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a LARGE MOLECULES that encodes genetic instructions
Most dna molecule are 2 POLYMER CHAINS made from 4 DIFFERENT MONOMERS called NUCLEOTIDES
Form a DOUBLE HELIX
Functional groups of amino acid in 1 molecule
Amine + carboxylic acid
Fractional distillation for crude oil
Crude oil is HEATED in a FURNACE + PUMPED into FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION COLLUM
FRACTIONS EVAPORATE and RISE
When they reach their boiling point they CONDENSE and are collected separately
Reactions of carboxylic acids
React with BASES-NEUTRALISATION
Salts end in anoate
React with ALCOHOLS in presence of catalyst to form ESTERS
What are fractions made from
Hydrocarbons-Alkanes
What is crude oil
A MIXTURE which must be separated into fractions
Finite resource-remains of biomass
Polymer?
Long molecule (lots of monomers bonded) Strong covalent bonds
Unsaturated?
Hydrocarbons(monomers) with c=c double bond (alkenes)
What type of reaction is cracking
Thermal decomposition
Condensation polymerisation is
MONOMERS with DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
USUALLY LOSE WATER
How are long chain alkanes broken down
Catalytic cracking
Steam cracking
Why are alkenes not good fuels
Burn with a Smokey flame
How do amino acids react and what do they produce
React by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides (proteins)
