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FM Chem 11 > C6.2 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C6.2 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbon defintion

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY.

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2
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

C n, H 2n+2

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3
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated bonds

A
  • Saturated bonds are SINGLE carbon-carbon covalent bonds
  • Unsaturated bonds are DOUBLE carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
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4
Q

First four prefixes for Hydrocarbons

A
  • Meth (1 carbon atoms)
  • Eth (2 carbon atoms)
  • Prop (3 carbon atoms)
  • But (4 carbon atoms)
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5
Q

What happens during complete combustion? What about incomplete combustion?

A

Complete combustion:
- Carbon & Hydrogen are oxidised, both receiving oxygen.
- They become Carbon Dioxide and Water.

Incomplete combustion:
- Water is still made, but carbon monoxide is made.
- Some carbon atoms are not oxidised at all, released as carbon particles.

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6
Q

Why is incomplete combustion dangerous?

A
  • It releases carbon monoxide.
  • Carbon monoxide is toxic, and causes suffocation.
  • Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives vital organs (e.g. brain and heart) of blood.
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7
Q

What is meant by a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula.

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8
Q

Which (Alkanes/Alkenes) are saturated/Un-saturated?

A
  • Alkanes are saturated (single bonds)
  • Alkenes are unsaturated (contain at least one double bond)
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9
Q

Alkenes general formula

A

C n H 2n

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10
Q

How to draw the displayed formula for an Alkene

A
  • Draw all the carbons in a straight line.
  • Make one of the carbons double bonded.
  • Make sure every carbon has four bonds (add hydrogens)
  • Make sure you don’t add an extra hydrogen to the double bonded carbon.
  • Check back to the formula to make sure it adds up.
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11
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Functional groups are atoms, groups of atoms, or types of bonds in a molecule that are responsible for the characteristic reactions of the substance.

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12
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

When atoms or groups of atoms combine with a molecule to form a larger molecule with no other product.

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13
Q

How to test for an alkene

A
  • Test using orange-brown bromine water.
  • When bromine is added to an alkene, it turns into a colourless compounds.
  • Ethene + Bromine –> Dibromoethane (Addition reaction)
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14
Q

How can we convert an alkene into an alkane?

A

Alkenes can undergo addition reactions with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form alkanes.

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15
Q

Alcohol function group

A

-OH

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16
Q

Alcohol general formula

A

C n H 2n+1 OH

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17
Q

How to draw the displayed formula for an alcohol

A
  • Draw the carbons, then add the hydrogens to the left hand side onward.
  • Add the functional group (-O-H) to the end.
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18
Q

How do alcohols form carboxylic acids?

A
  • By reacting an alcohol with an oxidising agent (oxidising it) we can make a carboxylic acid.
  • Take the alcohol, add the oxidising agent, and add dilute sulfuric acid, and gently warm it.
  • A colour change should be observed.
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19
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acid

A

-COOH
- Acids end in -anoic acid

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20
Q

General formula for carboxylic acid

A

C n H 2n+1 COOH

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21
Q

How do carboxylic acids react (Metals, alkalis, carbonates)? Are they weak/strong acids?

A
  • They are weak acids.
  • They react with METALS to produce salt and hydrogen.
  • They react with ALKALIS and bases to produce salt and water.
  • They react with CARBONATES to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide.
22
Q

Names for the salts formed from carboxylic acid

A
  • They have the ending -oate
  • Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Carbonate –> Sodium Ethanoate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
23
Q

How does crude oil (fossil fuel) form?

A
  • Things that lived millions of years ago die, and they become buried deep into the seabed.
  • They eventually turn into crude oil.
  • This is a long and slow process, so crude oil is non-renewable.
24
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

A mixture of many different hydrocarbons.

25
How do we separate crude oil?
- Fractional distillation.
26
How does fractional distillation work?
- Hydrocarbons have different boiling points. - A fractionating column has different temperature gradients (hottest at bottom). - As vapours rise they condense and run off to be collected. - Each fraction contains substances with similar boiling points.
27
Temperature gradient in a fractionating column
25 degrees (lowest) 350 degrees (highest)
28
Different substances collected from a fractionating column (lowest to highest)
LOWEST TEMP - Bitumen (very top) - Fuel oil - Heating oil - Diesel - Paraffin - Petrol - LPG (very bottom) HIGHEST TEMP
29
What determines the boiling point of a hydrocarbon?
The more carbon atoms, the longer the molecule, so the stronger the intermolecular forces are (so a higher boiling point).
30
What bonds hold atoms in hydrocarbons together?
- Covalent bonds, which are stronger than intermolecular forces. - When boiled, the intermolecular forces between molecules are broken, not the covalent bonds.
31
Cracking - What does it do, how does it work
- Cracking converts large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller more useful hydrocarbon molecules. - It needs; A catalyst (alumina or silica), High Temperature (600c-700c) - Cracking helps to match supply to demand by breaking the covalent bonds between the atoms to make smaller hydrocarbons. - E.g. Octane --> Hexane + Ethene
32
Why are large hydrocarbons less useful? Why is cracking so important?
- They do not flow easily and are hard to ignite (low flammability). - 90 percent of crude oil is used to produce fuels (e.g. petrol and diesel), so it allows us to match supply to demand.
33
Plastic is a....
Polymer
34
Types of polymers
- Addition polymers - Biological polymers - Condensation polymers
35
How to make addition polymers
- Addition polymers undergo an addition reaction when they join together. They can do this as they contain a C=C bond. - The monomers are alkenes. - To make these, you need high pressure and a catalyst.
36
How to find the name of a polymer
INPUT monomer name OUTPUT poly + monomer name
37
How to draw the addition polymer of a monomer
- Redraw the monomer BUT: - Change the double bond between the carbons to a single bond. - Draw square brackets around them. - Draw bonds sticking out of the sides of the brackets like arms. - Put the letter 'n' in the bottom right.
38
How many amino acids are there that naturally occur in the body?
20
39
What is a condensation reaction?
- Two molecules react together to form one larger molecule, and one smaller molecule, which is often water. - They don't require a catalyst, and work at room temp/pressure. - The monomers for condensation polymers need two functional groups. - Carboxylic acid + Alcohol --> Ester (Salt) + Water
40
Two functional groups of amino acids
- Amino group - NH2 - Carboxyl group - COOH The monomers are joined by an amide group. -CONH-
41
What is polyester? What is it made up of? What does it make when it joins together? What are its uses?
- It is an artificial condensation polymer. - Made from carboxylic acid with 2 carboxyl groups. - An alcohol with two hydroxyl groups. - When they join together, they form many ester groups (hence the name). - Uses include clothing/drink bottles.
42
What is polyamide?
- It is an artificial condensation polymer. - Made from carboxylic acid with 2 carboxyl groups. - Amine with two amino groups. - They form many amide groups when formed (hence the name). - They form nylon (an example).
43
What does a fuel cell do?
- A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen but without combustion occurring.
44
Pros of fuel cells
- They only require oxygen and hydrogen, which are abundant and easy to source. - They don't produce any waste (e.g. carbon dioxide or other pollutants) - Fuel cells are relatively simple devices, so they last longer than batteries do, and they're less pollution to dispose of.
45
Downside of fuel cells
- Hydrogen is a gas, so it takes up much more volume to store than fossil fuels/batteries. - They are explosive when mixed with air, so storing it is difficult. - Making the hydrogen fuel in the first place requires energy, which often comes from fossil fuels.
46
Describe how fuel cells work.
- Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction to produce water vapour. - Hydrogen molecules lose electrons and become hydrogen ions. - Hydrogen ions combine with oxygen at the other side to form water vapour.
47
How does a chemical cell work?
- Exothermic reactions in the cell develop a potential difference/voltage between the two ends. - When the cell is connected to an electrical circuit, this potential difference drives a current, which flows through the cell and the components of the circuit. - This continues until one of the reactants is used up, so a potential difference can no longer be produced.
48
What is a 'diol'?
An alcohol with two functional groups (double OH)
49
What is 'hydroxyl'?
Hydroxyl is alcohol functional group -OH
50
What is 'carboxyl'?
Carboxyl is carboxylic acid functional group -COOH

FM Chem 11 (12 decks)

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