C2.2 Bonding

Question 1

What are the physical properties of Metals?

Answer 1

• Shiny
• Usually high melting and boiling points
• Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
• Malleable (bends without shattering)
• Ductile (can be pulled into thin wires)
• Good Conductors (thermal and electrical)

Question 2

What are the physical properties of Non-Metals?

Answer 2

• Dull
• Usually low melting and boiling points
• About half are solid, half are gas at room temperature
• Brittle (shatter when hammered)
• Non-ductile (snap when pulled)
• Poor Conductors (insulators)

Question 3

Where is the split in the periodic table (non-metal and metal split) ?

Answer 3

A zig-zag below boron (Boron is a non-metal and Aluminum is a metal). Remember 3/4 of The Periodic Table is Metals.

Question 4

What ions do metal elements form?

Answer 4

Positive ions (they loose electrons)

Question 5

What ions do non-metals form?

Answer 5

Negative ions (they gain electrons)

Question 6

(IMP) What do Metal oxides produce when dissolved in water?

Answer 6

Alkaline solutions.

Question 7

(IMP) What do Non-Metal oxides produce when dissolved in water?

Answer 7

Acidic solutions.

Question 8

Do Metals react with each other? If so what do they produce?

Answer 8

Metals do not react with each other. They mix to form alloys.

Question 9

Do Non-metals react with each other?

Answer 9

Yes. Non-metals react to form covalent compounds.

Question 10

Do Metals and Non-metals react with each other?

Answer 10

Yes. Non metals and Metals react to form ionic compounds.

Question 11

What does the electron configuration of an atom tell us about it’s placement on the Periodic Table?

Answer 11

• The amount of numbers - number of shells - period (row) number
• The last number - amnt of electrons in last shell - group number

e.g. an atom with a configuration of 2.8.2 is in group 2, period 3.

Question 12

What are the maximum number of electrons in the first four shells?

Answer 12

Shell 1 - max 2
Shell 2 - max 8
Shell 3 - max 8
Shell 4 - max 18

Question 13

What charge do ions in each group form (only for first 20 elements)?

Answer 13

Group 1 -> +1 Charge
Group 2 -> +2 Charge
Group 3 -> +3 Charge
Group 4 -> Don’t form Ions
Group 5 -> -3 Charge
Group 6 -> -2 Charge
Group 7 -> -1 Charge
Group 8 -> Don’t form Ions

Question 14

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 14

Ionic Bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions (metal ions and non-metal ions).

Question 15

How is ionic and covalent bonding modelled?

Answer 15

Dot and Cross Diagrams. Please check textbook for reminder.

Question 16

How can you figure out the chemical formulas of ionic compounds?

Answer 16

You swap the charges of each element or compound.

E.g. Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium -> NH₄ (1+ charge)
Sulfate -> SO₄ (2- charge)
Formula -> (NH₄)₂SO₄

Question 17

Properties of Ionic Bonding?

Answer 17

• High melting and boiling points (No Intermolecular forces, only strong electrostatic attraction of ions in a lattice)
• Conducts when molten (liquid and gas, so ions can move freely)
• Conducts when in solution (dissolved, so ions can move freely)

Question 18

What type of bonding do non-metals do? What are the types of structures formed?

Answer 18

Covalent bonding. Simple covalent molecules, Giant covalent molecules.

Question 19

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 19

Covalent bonding is the attraction between shared pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms (only done by non-metals).

Question 20

What are the charges of the following polyatomic ions?
Carbonate, Nitrate, Hydroxide, Ammonium, Sulfate.

Answer 20

Carbonate -> CO3 (-2)
Nitrate - > NO3 (-1)
Hydroxide -> OH (-1)
Ammonium -> NH4 (+1)
Sulfate -> SO4 (-2)

Question 21

Properties of Simple Covalent Molecules?

Answer 21

• Low melting and boiling points (Weak Intermolecular forces between covalent molecules)
• Doesn’t conduct

Question 22

What are Giant Covalent Structures?

Answer 22

Repeating regular structures of non-metals atoms covalently bonded together.

Question 23

Properties of Giant Covalent Structures?