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GCSE Chemistry > C6.1 > Flashcards

C6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what things 2 things do plants need for photosynthesis

A

plants need carbon dioxide and water

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2
Q

what do plants need for healthy growth

A

plants need small amounts of essential elements (in the form of mineral salts)

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3
Q

how are mineral salts dissolved

A

mineral salts are dissolved in water as ions in the soil

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4
Q

where is nitrogen found

A

nitrogen is found in ammonium and nitrate ions

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5
Q

where is phosphorous found

A

phosphorous is found is phosphate ions

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6
Q

where is potassium found

A

potassium is found as K+ ions

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7
Q

why do farmers add fertilisers to soil

A

farmers add fertilisers to soil to make sure their crops get enough mineral salts

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8
Q

what do NPK fertilisers contain

A

NPK fertiliers contain all 3 minerals required for healthy growth

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9
Q

why are fertlisers used

A

fertilisers are used because they help crops to grow well and so increase the farmers crop yield

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10
Q

what is ammonia

A

ammonia is an important compound in the manufacture of fertilizer and other chemicals such as cleaning fluids and floor waxes

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11
Q

how is ammonia made

A

ammonia is made by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen in the habour process. it is a reversible reaction

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12
Q

what is the equation for ammonia

A

nitrogen + hydrogen → ammonia

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13
Q

what are some typical symtoms of deficiency of nitrogen

A

poor growth, yellow leaves

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14
Q

what are some typical symtoms of deficiency of phosporus

A

poor root gowth, discoloured leaves

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15
Q

what are some typical symtoms of deficiency of potassium

A

poor fruit growth, discoloured leaves

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16
Q

what are the raw materials of the Haber process

A

air, natural gas and steam

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17
Q

how is nitrogen manufactured

A

nitrogen is manufactured by the fractional distillation of liquified air

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18
Q

how is hydrogen manufactured

A

hydrogen is manufactured by reacting natural gas with steam

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19
Q

what are 4 different examples of fertilisers

A

ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate

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20
Q

how is urea manufactured

A

urea is manufactured by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide

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21
Q

which fertiliser has the highest nitrogen content

A

urea

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22
Q

what are the main stages of the haber process

A

nitrogen (extracted from the air) and hydrogen (obtained from natural gas) are pumped through pipes. the pressure of the mixture of gases is increased to 200 atmospheres. the pressurised gases are heated to 450 °C and passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst. the reaction mixture is cooled so that ammonia liquefies and can be removed. unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled

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23
Q

what are the main stages of making ammonium sulfate

A

Put some dilute sulfuric acid into a beaker. Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator. Add dilute ammonia solution drop by drop, stirring in between. Continue step 3 until the colour permanently changes from red to yellow. Add a few more drops of dilute ammonia solution. Pour the reaction mixture into an evaporating basin, and heat carefully over a boiling water bath. Stop heating before all the water has evaporated and leave aside for crystals to form. pour away excess water and leave the crystals to dry in a warm oven, or pat dry
with filter pap

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24
Q

what does a fertiliser factory do

A

a fertiliser factory will carry out several integrated processes to make fertilisers

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25
Q

what is the haber process

A

the haber process is used to produce ammonia

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26
Q

what does dynamic mean (reaction)

A

dynamic means when the forward reaction and the backward reaction are happening at the same rate

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27
Q

what does equilibrium mean (reaction)

A

the reaction has reached a point where the concentrations of reactants and products do not change overall

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28
Q

what is a reversible reaction

A

when the products can break down to re-form the reactants

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29
Q

when is equilibrium reached

A

equilibrium is reached when the forward rate and the backward reaction are happening at the same rate. once this happends the actual amounts of reactants and products do not change

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30
Q

do reversible reactions reach equilibrium

A

no - not all reactions can recah equilibrium

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31
Q

what is the equation involving hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia

A

hydrogen + nitrogen ⇌ ammonia

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32
Q

what happens when the equilibrium is on the right

A

when the equilibrium is on the right there are more products than reactants

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33
Q

what happens when the equilibrium is on the left

A

when the equilibrium is on the left there are more reactnants than products

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34
Q

what happens when a chemical system, at equilibrium, is changed

A

when a chemical system at equilibrium, is changed the system will react to return the equilibrium and reduce the impact of the change you imposed

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35
Q

what happens the equilibrium if we added more products

A

the equilibrium shifts to the left

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36
Q

what happens the equilibrium if we remove products

A

the equilibrium shifts to the right

37
Q

what happens the equilibrium if we add reactants

A

the equilibrium shifts to the right

38
Q

what happens the equilibrium if we remove reactants

A

the equilibrium shifts to the left

39
Q

what happens the equilibrium if we increase pressure

A

the equilibrium will shift towards the side with the least number of molecules

40
Q

what happens to the equilibrium if the reaction is exothermic

A

the equilibrium shifts to the left

41
Q

what happens to the equilibrium if the reaction is endothermic

A

the equilibrium shifts to the right

42
Q

does the rate of reaction increase or decrease if we increase temperature

A

increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction. this decrease yield

43
Q

what is the haber process

A

the haber process is an industrial chemical process that makes ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen together

44
Q

what is the number equation for the haber process

A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) (forward reaction is exothermic)

45
Q

what material is used as a catalyst in the haber proces

A

iron

46
Q

what is the effect of catalysts oin the haber process

A

catalysts do not change the equilibium concentrations of reacting substances in reversible reactions. they reduce the time taken to reach equilibrium

47
Q

why is iron used a catalyst in the haber process

A

it is used because it is cheap and it helps to achieve an acceptable yield in an acceptable time

48
Q

what is the contact process

A

the contact process is one of the stages involved in the manufacture of sulphuric acid

49
Q

what is the equation for the contact process

A

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) (forward reaction is exothermic)

50
Q

what happens to the equilibrium position if the temperature is increased, in the contact process

A

if the temperature is increased, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the endothermic reaction. this means it moves to the left in the contact process

51
Q

what happens to the equilibrium position if the pressure is increased, in the contact process

A

if the pressure is increased, the equilibrium position moves in the direction of the fewest molecules of gas. this means is moves to the right in the contact process

52
Q

what is used as a catalyst in the contact process

A

vanadium oxide

53
Q

why is vandium oxide used as a catalyst in the contact process

A

because it helps to achieve an acceptable yield in an acceptable time

54
Q

what costs are involved in the production of ammonia

A

raw materials, equipment - purchasing and maintenance, energy, wages

55
Q

why is 450°C used to control temperature in the haber and contact process

A

because it is low enough to achieve an acceptable yield however high enough to do this in an acceptable yield

56
Q

is the rate of production low or high in batch production

A

the rate of production is low in batch production

57
Q

is the rate of prodution low or high in continuous production

A

the rate of production is high is continuous production

58
Q

is the cost of equipment low or high in batch production

A

the cost of equipment is low in batch production

59
Q

is the cost of equipment low or high in continuous production

A

the cost of equipment is high in continuous production

60
Q

do you need a large or small amount of workers for batch production

A

you need a large amount of workers for batch production

61
Q

do you need a large or small amount of workers for continuous production

A

you need a small amount of workers for continuous production

62
Q

are the shut down periods frequent or rare in batch production

A

the shut down periods are frequent in batch production

63
Q

are the shut down periods frequent or rare in continuousproduction

A

the shut down periods are rare in continuous production

64
Q

is the ease of automating the process high or low in batch production

A

the ease of automating the process is low in batch production

65
Q

is the ease of automating the process high or low in continuous production

A

the ease of automating the process is high in continuous production

66
Q

how does phytoextraction work

A
  1. plants are grown on an ore that contains lower amounts of metal. 2. the plants absorb metal ions through their roots and concentrate these ions in their cells. 3.the plants are harvested and burnt.
  2. the ash left behind contains a higher concentration of the metal than the original ore. 5.the ash is processed to obtain the metal
67
Q

what is a disadvantage of phytoextraction

A

it is slow

68
Q

what are some advantages of phytoextraction

A

it reduces the need to obtain new ore by mining. It conserves limited supplies of more valuable ores with higher metal content

69
Q

what is bioleaching

A

when certain bacteria breaks down ores to produce leachate

70
Q

what is leachate

A

an acidic solution containing copper (II)

71
Q

what is an advantage of bioleaching

A

Bioleaching does not need high temperatures

72
Q

what are some disadvantages of bioleaching

A

It produces toxic substances, including sulfuric acid, which damage the environment

73
Q

which material is used as a cost-effective way to produce copper from the leachate

A

scrap iron

74
Q

what is the equation that displaces copper from leachate

A

iron + copper(II) sulfate → iron(II) sulfate + copper

75
Q

Where are metals found

A

Metals are found in the crust, combined with other elements in rocks known as ores

76
Q

What is an ore

A

In industry, an ore is a rock that contains enough metal to make mining and extraction economical

77
Q

Which metals do not need extraction

A

Metals that are found in the ground as uncombined elements do not require further extraction

78
Q

How can compounds in ores be departed from the other elements

A

By using chemical reactions

79
Q

What are 2 ways of extracting metals from their ores

A

Burning ores with carbon (reduction) and electrolysis. Electrolysis can be used to purify copper

80
Q

Which metals can be extracted from their ores by reduction, using carbon, coke or charcoal

A

Zinc, iron and lead

81
Q

Which metals can be extracted by electrolysis

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium

82
Q

Which metals do not need to be extracted

A

Platinum, gold and silver

83
Q

What is reduction

A

The removal of oxygen from a substance. Reduction is used to obtain the metal

84
Q

What is the equation linking lead oxide and carbon

A

Lead oxide + carbon —> lead + carbon monoxide

85
Q

What is an alloy

A

A mixture of at least one metal and another element. Alloys are strong because there are no layers to break apart

86
Q

What is corrosion

A

The gradual destruction of a metal due to reactions with other chemicals in its environment

87
Q

What is gold

A

An unreactive metal that does not corrode easily

88
Q

What is rusting

A

The specific name given to the corrosion of iron. It is a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen and water

89
Q

What ways are there to prevent rust

A

Galvanising (coat of zinc), stainless steel, painting/other protection to remove reactants for corrosion, sacrificial protection

GCSE Chemistry (12 decks)

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