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Chemistry C456 > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What must chemists and engineers do before using chemicals and making new products?

A

Assess the rules.

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2
Q

What does chemical synthesis mean?

A

using simple substances to make new, useful chemical compounds.

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3
Q

The chemical industry uses chemical synthesis to..

A

make chemicals for food additives, fertilizers, dyes paints, pigments and medicines.

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4
Q

What does indicators do?

A

turn different colors into acids and alkali’s.

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5
Q

What color is litmus paper in acids and in alkali?

A

Red in acids

Blue in alkalis.

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6
Q

What color is universal indicator in acids and in alkali?

A

Orange or red in acids

Green or blue in alkalis

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7
Q

Pure acid compounds can be…

A

solids liquids or gases.

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8
Q

What do pure acid compounds dissolve in water to form?

A

dilute acids that can be tested using indicators.

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9
Q

What are 3 common alkali’s?

A

Sodium Hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.

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10
Q

The pH scale is a measure of how….

A

strong an acid or alkali is.

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11
Q

How can pH be measured?

A

universal indicator or a pH meter.

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12
Q

Calcium + Hydrochloric acid——–>

A

Calcium chloride + Hydrogen

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13
Q

Magnesium Oxide + Sulfuric acid —–>

A

Magnesium sulfate + water + CO2

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14
Q

Salts are…

A

Ionic compounds.

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15
Q

What is neutralization?

A

When an acid reacts with an alkali, becoming neutral.

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16
Q

What is a titration used to measure?

A

to measure the volume of acid and alkali that react together.

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17
Q

What role does the indicator play in neutralization?

A

Used to tell when neutralisation happens by changing colour at the end point of titration

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18
Q

When an acid reacts with an alkali, what is made?

A

a salt and water.

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19
Q

What do all acids contain when they are dissolved in water?

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

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20
Q

What is the pH of an acid related to?

A

the concentration of H+ ions in the acid solution.

21
Q

What do all alkalis contain when they are dissolved in water?

A

Hydroxide Ions (OH-).

22
Q

What is the general ionic equation for all neutralisation reactions?

A

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) —–>H20(I)

23
Q

The positive ion from the alkali and negative ion from the acid make the…

A

salt.

24
Q

Difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

A

Exothermic- give out heat energy. The temperature of the surroundings rises.
Endothermic- takes in heat energy. The temperature of the surroundings falls.

25
Q

What is a ‘pure’ substance?

A

A substance with nothing else mixed with it.

26
Q

In industry, pure substances need to be separated from…

A

impurities.

27
Q

What is an ‘impurity’?

A

A left over reactant or other products.

28
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To separate a solid from a liquid or from a solution.

29
Q

What is crystilisation used for?

A

to purify impure solid crystals.

30
Q

What are the steps of crystallization?

A
  1. Dissolving
  2. Filtering
  3. Evaporating
  4. Filtering
  5. Drying
31
Q

What is percentage yield?

A

Worked out from actual yield and the theoretical yield?

32
Q

What is actual yield?

A

The mass product measured at the end of the experiment.

33
Q

What is the theoretical yield?

A

the predicted yield. It is calculated from the amount of reactants used and the equation for the reaction.

34
Q

What is the formula for percentage yield?

A

Percentage yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%.

35
Q

What is the rate of reaction?

A

The amount of product produced or the amount of reactant used up in a certain time. This is usually measured as the amount per second.

36
Q

In industry, chemical engineers aim to produce the most amount in a…

A

minimal time.

37
Q

How do chemical engineers aim to produce the most amount in a minimal time?

A

By changing conditions to make reactions faster and to make the process as economical as possible.

38
Q

If the reaction makes a gas, the rate can be followed by:

A
  • measuring the volume of gas made at set times, e.g. every 30 seconds.
  • measuring the decrease in mass of the flask as the gas leaves the reaction.
39
Q

What is a colorimeter used for?

A

To follow the rate of a colour change.

40
Q

What does a rate of reaction graph show?

A

The change in the amount of reactant or product against the time.

41
Q

The gradient of the curve at any point gives..

A

the rate of reaction.

42
Q

The more collisions in a reaction, the…

A

faster the reaction.

43
Q

A catalyst is a substance that…

A

speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up.

44
Q

Reactions are faster when:

A
  • the temperature of the reactant increases.
  • the size of solid particles are smaller, increasing the surface area).
  • the concentration of reactants of changing in solution increases.
45
Q

Acid + Metal —->

A

Salt + Hydrogen

46
Q

Acid + Metal Oxide —->

A

Salt + Water

47
Q

Acid + Metal Hydroxide —->

A

Salt + Water

48
Q

Acid + Metal Carbonate —–>

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Chemistry C456 (4 decks)

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