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Chemistry C456 > C5 > Flashcards

C5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does dry air contain?

A

non-metal elements e.g nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Also contains small amounds of non-metal compounds

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2
Q

Molecules can be shown in 2D and…

A

3D.

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3
Q

What are atoms in molecules held together by?

A

Covalent bonds

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4
Q

How do covalent bonds form?

A

When atoms share a pair of electrons.

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5
Q

Why are atoms held together?

A

Because the positively charged nuclei of both atoms are attracted to the negatively charged pair of electrons.

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6
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Where there are sheets of positively charged metal ions held together by a ‘sea’ of electrons that are free to move,

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7
Q

What does it mean when electrons are free?

A

they can conduct electricity

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8
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

Because the sheets can be pushed passed each other.

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9
Q

Why do metals have high strength and high melting points?

A

They have a giant structure held together by strong metallic bonds.

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10
Q

What does high strength and high melting points result in?

A

having various uses such as wiring pipes and bridges.

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11
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

oceans, seas, lakes and rivers- mainly consisting of water with some dissolved compounds, called salts.

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12
Q

How are salts in the hydrosphere formed?

A

oppositely charged ions which are attracted together forming an ionic bond.

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13
Q

What do oppositely charged ions form? Do they conduct electricity and why?

A

an ion lattice. It does not conduct electricity because as a solid as the ions cant move.

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14
Q

What do large numbers of strong ionic bonds mean?

A

Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points.

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15
Q

Are all ionic compounds soluble?

A

No

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16
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The crust and the upper parts of the mantle.

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17
Q

What is it made up of?

A

a mixture of minerals.

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18
Q

Silicon, oxygen and aluminium are…

A

very abundant elements in the Earth’s crust as aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide.

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19
Q

What are silicon dioxide and diamond?

A

Giant covalent structures.

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20
Q

What do Giant covalent structures mean?

A

They have lots of strong covalent bonds holding the structure together and so have high boiling/melting points, don’t conduct electricity and are hard and insoluble.

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21
Q

What is graphite made out of?

A

Sheets of carbon which can slide past each other, making it soft.

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22
Q

There are electrons between the carbon sheets in Graphite that makes it…

A

able to conduct electricity.

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23
Q

How can the formula of salt be found and what is the overall charge?

A

They can be found using the charges of the ions. The overall charge is always 0.

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24
Q

If two solutions are mixed together and an insoluble salt forms what will it be seen as?

A

A precipitate.

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25
Q

What do insoluble salts have? What does this mean?

A

distinctive colours, which means that they can be identified by the precipitates that form when they react with certain chemicals.

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26
Q

What do the compounds in air have?

A

small melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

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27
Q

At room temperature there is…

A

Enough energy to break these forces and turn them into gases.

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28
Q

What do the compounds in the atmosphere have holding them together?

A

Covalent bonds.

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29
Q

The forces between the chemicals of the natural environment are…

A

weak but the covalent bonds holding the molecule together are very strong.

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30
Q

Why don’t the molecules conduct electricity?

A

Because they are not charged.

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31
Q

What is the lithosphere made from?

A

The crust and the part of the mantle just below it.

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32
Q

What are diamond and graphite formed from?

A

pure carbon that is found in the lithosphere.

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33
Q

Why are diamonds so hard?

A

Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms.

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34
Q

Why is graphite soft?

A

In granite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to…four other carbon atoms that are arranged in sheets that can slide over eachother.

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35
Q

In graphite, what can spare electrons do? What does this mean?

A

move between layers of atoms, which means it can conduct electricity.

36
Q

In both graphite and diamond, the covalent bonds are…

A

strong so they have high melting points and are insoluble in water.

37
Q

How is the silicon and oxygen present in the lithosphere?

A

As the compound- Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

38
Q

Silicon Dioxide is a…

A

giant covalent structure, so it has similar properties to diamond.

39
Q

What properties does Silicon Dioxide have?

A

Hard, High ,MP, insoluble in water and electrical insulator.

40
Q

Why is sea water in the hydrosphere salty?

A

Because it contains dissolved ionic compounds called salts.

41
Q

Sodium is an ionic compound made from…

A

Positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions.

42
Q

Why do ions form a giant 3D crystal lattice? What properties does it have?

A

Because it has positive sodium ions and negative chlorine ions.The ions are electrostatically attracted to each other to form a giant 3D lattice with high melting and boiling points.

43
Q

Name some properties of ionic compounds.

A

High melting points and they don’t conduct electricity when solid, molten or dissolved.

44
Q

What were the chemists explanation of the structure of ionic compounds explaining these properties? (3).

A

-They have high melting and boiling points because they have ions held together by strong forces of attraction in a lattice. -They don’t conduct electricity when solid because the ions are fixed in place and can’t move. -They conduct electricity when molten (or dissolved) because the ions are free to move.

45
Q

Why do most ionic compounds dissolve in water?

A

Because the water molecules are polar (have a positive and negative end).

46
Q

Steps of an ionic compound dissolving in water?

A
  1. A water molecule is attracted to an ion in the crystal lattice. 2. An ion breaks away from the lattice. 3. The ion moves through the water.
47
Q

What is meant by the term ‘hydrosphere’?

A

The water compounds on the Earth

48
Q

State 2 properties of diamond.

A

Hard and has a high MP.

49
Q

State two properties of ionic compounds?

A

Don’t conduct electricity when solid and have a high melting/boiling point.

50
Q

In the ocean, calcium ions combine with 1.____to form 2._______.

A

1.Carbonate ions 2. an insoluble ionic compound (Calcium Carbonate or limestone.

51
Q

What are solids formed in these types of reactions in oceans called?

A

Participates.

52
Q

What can we use precipitation reactions to detect….

A

ions in aqueous solutions,

53
Q

We can make predictions about precipitation reactions by…

A

interpreting information on solubility.

54
Q

How can positive ions be identified in solution?

A

By adding sodium hydroxide solution and identifying the colour of the precipitate.

55
Q

Cu^2+ 20H^- =_____

A

Cu(OH) ^2

56
Q

Many negative (non metal) ions can be identified in solution because…

A

they will react with other aqueous ions to produce an insoluble precipitate.

57
Q

Ag(aq) + Cl(aq) —–>

A

AgCl(s)

58
Q

What are ores?

A

Rocks that contain varying amounts of minerals from which metals can be extracted.

59
Q

What does the method of extraction depend on?

A

How reactive the metal is

60
Q

What metals can be extracted from their oxides by heating with Carbon?

A

Metals that are less reactive than Carbon, for example,

61
Q

What happens when metals are extracted from their oxides by heating with Carbon?

A

-The metal oxide is reduced as it has lost Oxygen. -The Carbon is oxidised as it has gained Oxygen.

62
Q

What happens to Zinc when it is extracted from its oxides by heating with Carbon?

A

Zinc + Oxide Carbon ——> Zinc +Carbon Dioxide

63
Q

The relative formula mass tells you…

A

the total mass of atoms in a compound.

64
Q

How do you work out the relative formula mass in an atom?

A

Add up the relative atomic masses.

65
Q

How do you calculate a metals mass?(4)

A
  1. Write down the formula 2.Work out the RFM. (Relative Formula Mass) 3.Work out the percentage mass of the metal 4.Work out the mass of the metal
66
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

the breaking down of an electrolyte using an electric current.

67
Q

What is electrolysis used for?

A

To extract reactive metals from their ores because their too reactive to be extracted by heating Carbon.

68
Q

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they’re…

A

-molten -dissolved in solution.

69
Q

Why do Ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

Because their ions are free to move through the liquid.

70
Q

What happens when an ionic compound melts?

A

Electrostatic forces between the charged ions in the crystal lattice are broken down and the ions are free to move.

71
Q

What happens when a direct current is passed through a molten ionic compound…

A

-positively charged ions are attracted towards the negative electrode. -negatively charged particles are attracted to the positive electrode.

72
Q

What happens in the electrolysis of molten lead Bromide?

A

-positively charged lead ions are attracted to the negative electrode, forming lead. -Negatively charged bromide particles are attracted towards the positive electrode, forming bromine (a non metal).

73
Q

What happens when ions get to the oppositely charged electrode?

A

they’re discarded (lose their charge).

74
Q

What is the environmental impacts of mining?

A

-lots of rock wasted -leaves a scar on the landscape -air/noise pollution

75
Q

What is the environmental impacts of processing?

A

-pollution caused by transportation -Energy usage -Electrolysis uses more energy than reduction

76
Q

What is the environmental impacts of manufacturing metal products?

A

-energy usage in processing and transportation.

77
Q

What is the environmental impacts of transporting the shops or running the product?

A

-pollutants caused by transportation -energy usage.

78
Q

What is the environmental impacts of the disposal of a product? (reuse, recycle and throw away) -3.

A

Reuse- no impact Recycle- uses a lot less energy than the initial manufacturing. Throw away- landfill sites remove wildlife habitats and are eyesore.

79
Q

A metal has a giant structure of (1)______, that is held together by a (2)_______ called the metallic bond.

A
  1. ions. 2. strong force of attraction.
80
Q

Metals are…

A

-Malleable -Conductors of electricity- ions are free to move through the structure when a voltage is applied.

81
Q

In a metal compound, the positively charged metal ions are held together by…

A

a ‘sea’ of electrons.

82
Q

State one property and use of Titanium.

A

Strong- used for replacement hip joints and submarines.

83
Q

State one property and use of Aluminium.

A

Malleable- used for drinks cans.

84
Q

State one property and use of Iron.

A

High melting point- used for making saucepans.

85
Q

State one property and use of Copper.

A

Excellent conductor of electricity- used for cables and electrical switches.

Chemistry C456 (4 decks)

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