C6 Flashcards
What do the following prefixes mean?
Meth
Eth
Prop
Bute
Draw propene
(Alkene)
Why are alkanes a homologous series?
What does it mean to be saturated?
(Basically all single bonds. Nothing can be added by breaking new bonds)
greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, without carbon–carbon double or triple bonds.
What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon
Draw ethane
Why are alkenes a homologous series?
Describe the addition reaction alkenes undergo with bromine
Describe an experiment to tell apart alkenes and alkanes
*With safety precautions
(alkenes decolourise bromine water)
Why are alcohols a homologous series?
Draw methanol
What is an organic compound?
A compound that contains oxygen
Draw methanol
Draw the incomplete and complete reactions of ethanol
Draw and describe an amine
Draw and describe ester
Draw and describe amide
What is condensation polymerisation?
Reactions in which monomers join together and lose
small molecules, such as water. These reactions involve monomers with two
functional groups.
What is a dicarboxylic acid?
The COOH on either side
What is a diol?
Two hydroxyl (OH) groups on either side
How is polyester formed?
How is polyamide formed?
How does crude oil separated into hydrocarbons?
- crude oil is mostly made up from alkanes
- larger molecules= stronger intermolecularforces= high BP/MP
What is the renewable method of making ethanol?
fermentation
What is the structure of a chemical cell ?
why do chemical cells have a salt bridge , and what do they consist of ?
The salt bridge is basically just filter paper soaked in potassium nitrate solution.
It completes the circle by allowing IONS to move
What happens when a cell goes flat?
One of the reactants is used up, so it can no longer provide a potential difference
Why happens at the negative terminal of a chemical cell?
Oxidation happens , so electrons are lost
What happens at the positive terminal of a chemical cell?
Reduction , gain of electrons
How do you identify the negative terminal of a chemical cell?
The more reactive metal (reactivity series) becomes the negative terminal
describe a hydrogen oxygen electrical fuel cell
- The hydrogen is turned into hydrogen ions at the anode
- The hydrogen ions pass through the proton exchange membrane
- Into the cathode , where the hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to make water
what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation?
🟢high pressure
🟢catalyst
* the monomers must contain a carbon carbon double bond (alkenes)
What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?
complete combustion, makes the products of carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete combustion, makes the product of carbon monoxide and water .(toxic)
What are the requirements of cracking ?
🟣high temperature
🟣catalyst (alumina /silica)
What is cracking and why is it needed ?
Turn large hydrocarbons into small hydrocarbons ( higher demand )
Why are carboxylic acids a homologous series ?
Draw propanoic acid
How are carboxylic acids made?
describe the process of hydration
what reactions do carboxylic acids participate in ?
All the usual reactions that acids participate in:
describe the broken pot experiment used to exemplify cracking
What are some names / orders of fractions from cracking
What is crude oil a main source of ?
Crude oil is a main source of hydrocarbons and is a feedstock for the petrochemical industry
Why is crude oil a finite source?
Non renewable as , It is being used up much faster than it is formed .
How does the size of the hydrocarbon molecule affect the flammability and cleanses of the flame ?
The larger the hydro carbon ,
The less flammable it gets
The dirtier flame (more soot because of more carbons )
What happens when an alcohol is oxidised?
With the addition of an oxidising Agent (potassium magnate VII), the corresponding carboxylic acid is produced
What does it mean to be unsaturated?
Have a double bond
describe addition polymerisation
- (error) required conditions are high pressures and a catalyst
How does the monomer propene become a polymer ?
How many polymer strands make up a DNA molecule
2 anti parallel polymer strands
What is an electrolyte ?
A solution where ions are free to move
describe the prtacical techniqus used to make a cpolymer by consnsation
nylon
- happens without a catalyt and at room pressure
- using forceps to reach into dish and pull out nylon on a glass rod
What is a fuel cell
Something that can produce electricity through the reaction of fuel and oxygen
what is the definition of addition polymerisation?
The reaction in which many small molecule monomers bond
together to form a long chain polymer
what is the definition of a chemical cell?
A cell which converts chemical energy to electrical energy. They are made
up of two metal electrodes connected by an electrolyte. The cell produces a voltage until one
of the reactants is used up
what is the definition of a fuel cell?
An electrochemical cell which continuously produces a voltage when supplied
with a fuel and oxygen. The fuel donates electrons at one electrode and oxygen gains
electrons at the other electrode.
what is the definition of a ‘functional group’ ?
The group of atoms responsible for how a particular compound reacts.
All compounds in the same homologous series have the same functional group.
What is the definition of a polymer ?
Large long-chain molecule made up of lots of small monomers joined together by
covalent bonds.
What is the phosphate ion?
What is phosphoric acid?
What happens when ammonia reacts with an acid?
Instead of salt + water ,
Only salt
With ammonium ion (NH4+)
Why are fertilsers needed?
They contain NPK (essential elements)needed by plants to grow. The fertilisers will increase yield and replace the elements used up when growing the previous crop.
What is the deficiency of NPK in farming ?
Why is the haber process important in agriculture?
The Haber Process
How do you make potassium sulfate ? ( a needed fertiliser)
How do you make ammonium sulfate? ( a fertilster )
what is the difference between a batch process and a continuous process?
The batch process is in labs, whereas the continuous process happens in factories and on a larger scale (much more automated)
What are the conditions needed for the haber process?
What are the conditions needed for the contact process?
Stage 1 of the contact process
Stage 2 of the contact process
Stage 3 contact process
What are the certain conditions needed for stage 2 and why? (Of contact process )
Catalyst for the contact process
Reactivity series with carbon
Extracting with carbon is a lot more cheaper
How do you extract copper (practical method) with safety?
Wear eye protection
How can copper be extracted from copper(II) sulfide?
What are the two methods for making ethanol ?
🟢fermentation
🟢flash /hydration method
Describe the fermentation method for making ethanol
Describe the flash /hydration method for making ethanol
Compare the flash method with the fermentation method for making ethanol.
Cost
Availability of raw materials
Rate of reaction
Yield of ethanol
Which ore is iron extracted from ?
Haematite (contains iron (III) oxide)
What are the 4 raw material used within the blast furnace ?
describe the extraction of iron (with equations)
What are the two equations for removing the impurities from the blast furnace ?
What are the equations for the iron extraction from the blast furnace
What is stage 3 for the contact process and why ?
Hydrate the oleum instead
What are the conditions needed for the haber process
What are the conditions for stage 2 of contact process
describe the process for the extraction of aluminium
What ore is aluminium oxide present in ?
Bauxite
What are the equations for extracting copper from copper sulphide?
What are the biological methods for extracting metal
Bio leaching
Phytoextraction
Describe the process of bio leaching
What is a low - grade ore ?
An ode where there is a few small percentage of actual metal. So to conduct large processes on it would be unprofitable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of bio leaching compared to normal metal extraction
describe the process of phytoextraction
describe the advantages and disadvantages of phytoextrction compared to other methods of metal extraction
What is the definition of an alloy ?
Mixture of at two or more elements , one of which is at least a metal.
What is the main metal in the alloy steel , and it’s use?
MM =Iron
Uses : buildings 🏥 , bridges 🌉, cars 🚘
what is the main metal in the alloy duralumin, and it’s main uses ?
MM: Aluminium
* also a little bit of copper
Uses: aircraft parts ✈️🛩
What is the main metal in the alloy solder, and it’s main uses ?
MM =tin
*also a bit of copper
Uses : joints electrical components and copper pipes (motherboard)
What is the main metal in the alloy brass, and it’s main uses ?
MM: copper
* a bit of zinc
Uses : musical instruments 🎺 , coins 🪙
What is the main metal in the alloy brass and it’s uses ?
MM= copper
*a little bit of tin
Uses : 🔔bells , propellers for ships 🚢
Describe solder
Describe the chemical structure of an alloy compared to metals
🔵larger atoms , distort the regular arrangement of metal atoms
🔵this means that layers can no longer slider over each other
🔵making the alloy stronger
Define corrosion
The reaction of a metal with it’s surroundings (such as air or water ).
Define rusting ?
A form form of corrosion whereby iron or steel react withy oxygen and water for a hydrated Fe(III)O or rust
Rusting reaction (iron )
What are the results for these reactions
What are the ways to reduce corrosion ?
🟡Physical barrier (coating )
🟡Sacrificial protection
🟡Galvanising
Describe how coating works
Supplies a physical barrier between air and water
Coating with oil / grease / painting
However if the layer is damaged, rusting starts on the exposed metal and continues underneath the layer
Describe sacrificial protection
A metal more reactive than iron (magnesium or zinc ). This will corrode first. However will eventually corrode away and will have to be replaced.
As those metals are more reactive than iron they loose electrons more easily and so are “more readily oxidised than iron “
How does galvanising work ?
Dipping the object in molten zinc ,
Acts as a physical barrier , stopping contact of metal with oxygen and water and when it chips away , becomes a sacrificial barrier
What’s a disadvantage of tin plating ?
Although acts as a physical barrier k when chips away actually speeds up the rusting process instead of acting as a sacrificial barrier
Describe ceramics typical properties
Hard , non -metallic structures, brittle
🟣high MP; (giant ionic lattices or giant covalent structures )
🟣hard and stiff , and brittle
🟣poor conductors of electricity and heat
Compounds in ceramics mostly oxides and so are unreactive .
Describe glass
Made by melting sand
🟣irregular giant structure, no crystals , and so can see through making it transparent
🟣
What is a composite material ?
A metrical made from two or more different materials , each with different properties
What is tensile strength
A measure of how strong a material is when stretched
What is compressive strength
A measure of how strong a material is when squashed
What does density refer to in tables ?
Strength
What are the 4 types of ceramics ?
Glass , porcelain , brick and China
What is a life - cycle assessment?
An analysis of the making using and disposing of a manufactured product 
Why is the life cycle assessment performed?
Helps identify stages that could be improved , or alternate materials that may do the same job
Why should materials be recycled?
🟣conserving limited raw materials and energy resources
🟣reducing the real sense of harmful substances into the environment
🟣reducing waste
What factors decide whether a product can be recycled or not ?
🟢how easily the waste can be collected and stored
🟢the amount and type of by products released
🟢the cost of recycling, compared to disposal
🟢the amount of energy involved at each stage
How are metals and glass processed and polymers ?
Melted by heating and moulded to produce new ingot s/ glass objects
*plastics must be carefully separated
How is paper recycled ?
Mixed with water , cleaned and rolled and heated to make new paper
What are the main gases in the atmosphere today, and their percentage ?
Nitrogen = 78%
Oxygen = 21%
Argon = 0.9%
Carbon dioxide =0.04%
How did the atmosphere form originally ?
Substances realised as gas from volcanic eruptions.
During volcanic activity carbon dioxide and water were produced.
Carbon dioxide = left in the atmosphere
Water = condensed into oceans
What was the original atmosphere?
Mostly carbon diode and water, with every little oxygen.
How did an oxygen-rich atmosphere develop overtime ?
Plants do photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen .
Initially oxygen reacted with rocks to form as many metal oxides as possible, and then all the rest of free oxygen remained in the atmosphere
What are the atmosphere pollutants ?
🟣carbon monoxide
🟣sulfur dioxide
🟣particulates
🟣nitrate oxides
Where most of the atmospheric pollutants come from?
🟣burning fossil fuels
🟣vehicle engines
🟣metal extractions
What problems can carbon monoxide as an atmospheric pollutants cause?
Combines to haemoglobin in red blood cells, so they can no longer carry oxygen into the bloodstream. This now causes : dizziness, breathing issues and death because is (toxic)
Why do particulates as an atmospheric pollutant cause problems?
“Particulates “ are small particles.
When breathed in they go deep into the lungs , causing breathing problems or diseases such as bronchitis , and increases risk of heart disease
What are PM 10 Particles ?
Are 10 micro meters in diameter or less
Why do nitrate oxides as atmospheric gases cause issues?
Dissolve in the moisture in the clouds, forming acidic solutions, which eventually form as acidic rain
Why is acidic rain bad?
🟣kills trees
🟣kills living things in lakes/rivers
🟣 erodes stonework , and corrodes metal
Why is sulfur dioxide a problem as an atmospheric pollutant?
Fossil fuels Contain small amounts of sulfur compounds. When they are burnt they form sulfur dioxide, which a,so causes acid rain and can cause breathing difficulties
Examples of some green house gases?
Methane & carbon dioxide
What is the green house effect?
- Energy transferred by radiation from the sun reaches the Earth’s surface.
- This radiation warms up the Easth’s surface
- The Earth’s Surface also emits Infrared radiation, some goes into space, but the rest is absorbed by greenhouse gasses in the atmospheres
- The greenhouse gases emit radiation in all directions , war,img the Earth’s surface and atmosphere
What problems are causes by the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect leads to an increase in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to global warming :
🟢melting ice caps
🟢rising sea levels
Climate change:
🟢flooding
🟢altered weather patterns
🟢problems with framing and pest control
How can green house emissions be reduced ?
🟢reducing consumption of fossil fuels (using biofuels)
🟢renewable nervy resources (wind and solar to generate electricity
🟢stop carbon dioxide escaping by using carbon capture
Ways to protect against global warming ?
Buildings to withstand higher pressure
Flood barriers
Planting different crops
Describe the process of fresh water being treated?
- Water passed through a screen (greed of metal rods), removing large objects
- Then water put into settlement tanks, where sand and soils particles sink to the bottom of the water.
- Then aluminium sulfate and coke is further added to clump smaller, more fine particles together , making them sink from the water into sludge aswell.
- Then a sand filter removes any finer particles
- Lastly, chlorine is added to kill harmful bacteria and organisms (not enough to affect humans)
- The pH may be ausgeredete but then is shipped of for use to buildings and people
Some examples of recycling
The 5 alloys and their compositions
What are fractions in crude oil mostly a mixture of ?
Alkanes
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a hydrogen/ oxygen fuel cell?
✅easy to maintain, no moving parts
✅water is the only chemical product
✅small size
❌expensive to manufacture
❌constant supply of hydrogen fuel needed, which is a flammable gas
What bonds lie between biological bases
Hydrogen bonds
How is salt water treated ?
Desalination (simple distillation)
For where cost of energy is low and fresh water supplies are limited
describe DNA as a polymer
made from 4 differnt momers called nucleotides
what determines the reactions of orgainc compounds?
the functional group
what is the evidence for human activity contributing to climate change?
posititve corrolation between carbon dioxide concentration and comsumption of fossil fuels
