6.1 Flashcards
What is the phosphate ion?
What is phosphoric acid?
What happens when ammonia reacts with an acid?
Instead of salt + water ,
Only salt
With ammonium ion (NH4+)
Why are fertilsers needed?
They contain NPK (essential elements)needed by plants to grow. The fertilisers will increase yield and replace the elements used up when growing the previous crop. (Increase agricultural productivity)
Nitrogen helps plants grow proteins
Phosphorus helps ATP
What is the deficiency of NPK in farming ?
Why is the haber process important in agriculture?
Makes ammonia that is needed to produce synthetic fertilisers
The Haber Process
- obtain nitrogen and hydrogen from the air / natural gases
- then compress them to 200 atmp, then heat the gas to 450
- the gases are them pumped into a tank, that contains layers of catalyictic iron beads
- ammonia is then formed and allong with the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen pumped into a cooling tank. Ammonia is recieved as a liquid.
- The unreacted ammonia and hydrogen are recyclyed back into the tank.
How do you make potassium sulfate ? ( a needed fertiliser)
How do you make ammonium sulfate? ( a fertilster )
what are the differences between a batch process and a continuous process?
The batch process is in labs, whereas the continuous process happens in factories and on a larger scale (much more automated)
What are the conditions needed for the haber process?
What are the conditions needed for the contact process?
Stage 1 of the contact process
Stage 2 of the contact process
Stage 3 contact process
What are the certain conditions needed for stage 2 and why? (Of contact process )
Catalyst for the contact process
Reactivity series with carbon
Extracting with carbon is a lot more cheaper
How do you extract copper (practical method) with safety?
Wear eye protection
How can copper be extracted from copper(II) sulfide?
What are the two methods for making ethanol ?
🟢fermentation
🟢flash /hydration method
Describe the fermentation method for making ethanol
Describe the flash /hydration method for making ethanol
Compare the flash method with the fermentation method for making ethanol.
Cost
Availability of raw materials
Rate of reaction
Yield of ethanol
Which ore is iron extracted from ?
Haematite (contains iron (III) oxide)
What are the 4 raw material used within the blast furnace ?
describe the extraction of iron (with equations)
What are the two equations for removing the impurities from the blast furnace ?
What are the equations for the iron extraction from the blast furnace
What is stage 3 for the contact process and why ?
Hydrate the oleum instead
What are the conditions needed for the haber process
What are the conditions for stage 2 of contact process
describe the process for the extraction of aluminium
What ore is aluminium oxide present in ?
Bauxite
What are the equations for extracting copper from copper sulphide?
What are the biological methods for extracting metal
Bio leaching
Phytoextraction
Describe the process of bio leaching
Some bacteria absorb metal compounds. The bacteria produce solutions called leachates containing the metals. Scrap iron can be used to remove the metal from the leachate
Bacteria speed up reaction which turn metal Sulfides into soluble metal compounds
What is a low - grade ore ?
An ode where there is a few small percentage of actual metal. So to conduct large processes on it would be unprofitable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of bio leaching compared to normal metal extraction
describe the process of phytoextraction
describe the advantages and disadvantages of phytoextrction compared to other methods of metal extraction
What is the definition of an alloy ?
Mixture of at two or more elements , one of which is at least a metal.
What is the main metal in the alloy steel , and it’s use?
MM =Iron + Carbon
Uses : buildings 🏥 , bridges 🌉, cars 🚘
what is the main metal in the alloy duralumin, and it’s main uses ?
MM: Aluminium + copper + other metals
* also a little bit of copper
Uses: aircraft parts ✈️🛩
What is the main metal in the alloy solder, and it’s main uses ?
MM =tin + lead
*also a bit of copper
Uses : joints electrical components and copper pipes (motherboard)
What is the main metal in the alloy brass, and it’s main uses ?
MM: copper +zinc
* a bit of zinc
Uses : musical instruments 🎺 , coins 🪙
What is the main metal in the alloy bronze and it’s uses ?
MM= copper + tin
*a little bit of tin
Uses : 🔔bells , propellers for ships 🚢
Describe solder
Describe the chemical structure of an alloy compared to metals
🔵larger atoms , distort the regular arrangement of metal atoms
🔵this means that layers can no longer slider over each other
🔵making the alloy stronger
Define corrosion
The reaction of a metal with it’s surroundings (such as air or water ).
Define rusting ?
A form form of corrosion whereby iron or steel react withy oxygen and water for a hydrated Fe(III)O or rust
Rusting reaction (iron )
What are the results for these reactions
What are the ways to reduce corrosion ?
🟡Physical barrier (coating )
🟡Sacrificial protection
🟡Galvanising
Describe how coating works
Supplies a physical barrier between air and water
Coating with oil / grease / painting
However if the layer is damaged, rusting starts on the exposed metal and continues underneath the layer
Describe sacrificial protection
A metal more reactive than iron (magnesium or zinc ). This will corrode first. However will eventually corrode away and will have to be replaced.
As those metals are more reactive than iron they loose electrons more easily and so are “more readily oxidised than iron “
How does galvanising work ?
Dipping the object in molten zinc ,
Acts as a physical barrier , stopping contact of metal with oxygen and water and when it chips away , becomes a sacrificial barrier
What’s a disadvantage of tin plating ?
Although acts as a physical barrier k when chips away actually speeds up the rusting process instead of acting as a sacrificial barrier
Describe ceramics typical properties
Hard , non -metallic structures, brittle
🟣high MP; (giant ionic lattices or giant covalent structures )
🟣hard and stiff , and brittle
🟣poor conductors of electricity and heat
Compounds in ceramics mostly oxides and so are unreactive .
Describe glass
Made by melting sand
🟣irregular giant structure, no crystals , and so can see through making it transparent
🟣
What is a composite material ?
A metrical made from two or more different materials , each with different properties
What is tensile strength
A measure of how strong a material is when stretched
What is compressive strength
A measure of how strong a material is when squashed
What does density refer to in tables ?
Weight
What are the 4 types of ceramics ?
Glass , porcelain , brick and China
What is a life - cycle assessment?
An analysis of the enviromental impacts for a product may have during it’s lifetime.
factors considered
* space needed for disposal
* extraction and processing of raw materials
Why is the life cycle assessment performed?
Helps identify stages that could be improved , or alternate materials that may do the same job
Why should materials be recycled?
🟣conserving limited raw/finite materials and energy resources
🟣reducing the real sense of harmful substances into the environment
🟣reducing waste
What factors decide whether a product can be recycled or not ?
🟢how easily the waste can be collected and stored
🟢the amount and type of by products released
🟢the cost of recycling, compared to disposal
🟢the amount of energy involved at each stage
How are metals and glass processed and polymers ?
Melted by heating and moulded to produce new ingot s/ glass objects
*plastics must be carefully separated
How is paper recycled ?
Mixed with water , cleaned and rolled and heated to make new paper
What are the steps in the Haber process
- Nitrogen and hydrogen obtained from natural gas and air
2.compress the gases to 200atm and heat to 450°C - Pump the gasses into a tank containing layers of catalytic iron beads. Nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia.
- Ammoni and any ureadcted hydrogen and nitrogen pass into a cooling tank. Ammonia is collected as a liquid.
- The unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen re recycled back into the tank
