C43 - Sherry Flashcards
Where is the vineyard area of Sherry?
surrounding the town of Jerez de la Frontera in southern Spain
Where must Sherry be matured?
Either within the city limits of Jerez or in one of the two smaller seaside towns of Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa Maria
What is the climate of Jerez?
It has a hot, sunny mediterranean climate
Coastal vineyards are a little cooler on average and benefit from the cooling effect of the poniente
Higher average rainfall than much of Spain, but low during the growing season
What is the poniente?
A cooling, humid, westerly wind in southern Spain
What is southern Spain’s other wind (besides the poniente)? Describe it and the effect it can have on weather and vines
The levante
Easterly, hot and drying
It can send temperatures soaring, stressing the vines and damaging grapes
What ensures that vines in Jerez can cope with weather conditions?
The chalky albariza soil
What properties of albariza soil make it well adapted to Spanish weather conditions?
The high chalk content provides good drainage
It’s also very deep and has an excellent water-holding capacity to sustain the vines during hot dry summers
How is soil water-retention maximised during autumn and winter in Jerez?
Rectangular pits are dug between the rows of vines to trap the water and reduce run-off
When are rectangular pits dug in Jerez?
After harvest
When are the rectangular pits smoothed over in Jerez?
In the spring
Besides water holding properties, what happens in summer to albariza soils to further their water retention properties?
It forms a hard crust that limits evaporation from the soil
How many grape varieties are permitted in Jerez? What are they?
Three
Palomino
Pedro Ximénez
Muscat of Alexandria
Which grape accounts for the vast majority of plantings in Jerez?
Palomino
Describe wines produced by Palomino
Naturally low in acid
Lacking in obvious varietal aromas
Why is Palomino ideal for Sherry production?
Because flavours come from biological or oxidative maturation, not the grapes
What is the flavour of PX?
It has very little varietal flavour
What is PX good for and why?
The production of sweet wines
Its thin skin makes it ideal for being sun dried
Where is Pedro Ximenez mostly planted?
Very little in Jerez - most from the neighbouring region of Montilla-Moriles where it grows more successfully
Describe the role of Muscat of Alexandria in Sherry
Only very small amounts are grown
It is used to make sweet wine
Which grape is used to make the dry wines of Jerez?
Palomino
Describe harvest of Palomino
Given the high temperatures at harvest time, grapes must reach the press as quickly as possible to avoid oxidation
Describe fermentation of dry styles of Sherry
Takes place in large stainless steel tanks at temperatures ranging from 20-25C
What is unique about the fermentation temperatures of dry Sherry?
They are high for a white wine
Why is it acceptable for the fermentation temperature to be high for a white wine when it comes to Sherry?
Producers are aiming to produce a neutral base wine
What are the key characteristics of a base wine for dry Sherry?
It’s dry with approximately 11-12% abv
How and why are wines of Jerez classified in Autumn?
They are classified into wines that will either be sent for biological or oxidative ageing
How is it decided which base wines of Jerez will be used for which purpose?
It will be based on flavour characteristics
Paler wines with more finesse will be used for biological ageing
Darker, richer, heavier wines are selected for oxidative ageing
At which stage will flor have started to grow on the surface of the base wines of Jerez?
At the point of classification for ageing
The exact criteria for classification of Jerez base wines will vary according to…
The house style of the producer
Besides house style, what else influences a producer’s choice of certain base wines for certain styles in Jerez?
Producers need certain volumes of new wines in particular styles to meet sales demands
Which grapes are respectively more likely to be suitable for biological and oxidative ageing?
Biological ageing: Grapes from cooler coastal vineyards and/or fermented at cooler temperatures
Oxidative ageing: Grapes grown from warmer vineyards inland and/or fermented at higher temperatures
What is ‘sobretabla’ in Sherry making?
A stage wherein base wines are fortified using a 96% abv neutral spirit and the wines are set aside for a period of a few months before incorporation into a solera system
To what abv are wines fortified for biological ageing in Jerez? Why?
To between 15% and 15.5% abv
This is the ideal strength for the development of flor
Why is the sobretabla stage so important for wines for biological ageing?
The producer needs to wait and see whether flor develops correctly on these wines
What is the second classification for in Jerez?
For determining after sobretabla, whether a wine has a style and character suitable for its respective solera system
What happens to wines that fail to make the grade during the second classification?
They are either refortified or rejected altogether
To what strength are wines fortified for oxidative ageing?
17% abv
What happens in Sherry at 17% abv?
The flor dies
Why is sobretabla less important for wines for oxidative ageing?
Because it’s not necessary to see if flor develops
What happens immediately after harvest to grapes for naturally sweet styles of Sherry?
They are sun-dried to concentrate the sugar levels
What flavour does sun-drying develop in Sherry?
Raisin
What happens in Sherry once the desired must weight has been achieved for naturally sweet wines?
The grapes are pressed and fermentation starts
Describe fermentation of naturally sweet wines in Sherry
The juice is so concentrated that the yeast struggle to ferment the sugars and rarely manage more than a few degrees of alcohol
What happens to naturally sweet Sherry once fermentation is stopped?
The must is fortified to 17% abv
In what must Sherry be aged?
600 litre oak barrels called butts
How are the oak butts of Sherry prevented from giving oak flavours to Sherry?
They are often used to age unfortified wines before they are used for Sherry
What is the main requirement of Sherry’s oak butts?
To allow oxygen to reach the wine
What is the secondary way in which oxygen is allowed to reach the wines of Jerez?
By only ever filling the butts five sixths full
What is a particular challenge when it comes to maturation in Jerez?
Keeping the barrels cool
What steps are taken in traditional bodegas to keep the environment cool?
Thick, whitewashed walls, high ceilings and windows that point toward the cooling poniente winds
How are correct humidity levels maintained in bodegas of Jerez?
By keeping the earth floors damp
What is the main method of keeping modern bodegas cool enough in Jerez?
Air conditioning
What is the main system of maturation called in Sherry?
Solera system
Briefly describe the solera system
Made up of a number of groups of butts (or criaderas/levels) which hold wines of different ages
Maturation involves moving wine between them over time to achieve a blend of younger and older wines