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Edexcel A Level Politics > C3: The State & Globalisation > Flashcards

C3: The State & Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Globalisation defined as?

A

The emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness across national boundaries

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2
Q

What is Sovereignty?

A

Absolute and unlimited power

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3
Q

What is a Nation state?

A

An autonomous political community held together by citzenship and nationality.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a nation-state?

A

A political entity with sovereignty
Recognised by the international community
Could contain more than one nation or community
Defined territory needed
States cannot cross the boundaries into other states.

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5
Q

What are some characteristics that may be shared by members of a state?

A

Territory
Culture
Language
Religion
Political ideas
Customs
Ethnicity

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6
Q

What are the four criteria for statehood?

A

A functioning and effective government
Recognition from international communities
A defined territory
A permanent population

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7
Q

How many states in the world are recognised by the UN?

A

193

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8
Q

What are some issues with nationhood and statehood?

A

Nations without a state
National claims that cross borders
States not recognised by other states

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9
Q

What is an example of a nation without a state?

A

Scotland - Independence Referendum 2014 & a general rise in nationalism
Catalonia - mass protests in 2014 for independence

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10
Q

What is an example of a national claim that crosses borders?

A

Northern Ireland & The Republic of Ireland
Israel & Palestine

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11
Q

What is an example of a nation unrecognised by others?

A

Palestine
Taiwan

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12
Q

What is Political globalisation?

A

The growing importance of international organisations

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13
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A

The increasing integration of national economies to create a single global economy of cross-border movement & trade in goods, services, capital & technology

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14
Q

What is cultural globalisation?

A

The increasing transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world

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15
Q

What are the main factors driving globalisation?

A

People
Countries
Institutions
Culture
Economics
Technology
Politics

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16
Q

In what ways do people affect globalisation?

A

People travel more freely, cheaply, and easily than ever before.
People can live anywhere, leading to immigration & potentially children with dual nationalities.
People can buy from anywhere, leading to economic integration.

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17
Q

In what ways do countries affect globalisation?

A

States cooperate to solve global issues such as climate change & wars.
States are always affected by the actions of those neighbouring them.

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18
Q

In what ways do Institutions affect globalisation?

A

There are many institutions for global cooperation.
Political - UN, EU, WHO, NATO
Economic - IMF, World Bank
NGOs, IGOs, and TNCs have seen recent huge rise in numbers

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19
Q

In what ways does culture affect globalisation?

A

Cultural diversity is being replaced with a global monoculture - everyone is using the same tech, listening to the same music, watching same films, etc etc
Brands are across the globe - McDonald’s, Apple, Microsoft

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20
Q

What is Global monoculture?

A

The idea that different cultures are getting assimilated into one global culture made up of brands

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21
Q

Why has cultural globalisation specifically been criticised?

A

Considered to be Westernisation due to the role of western companies and brands in this process
Slightly Imperialist in exploitation of cheap labour in the East

22
Q

In what ways does the economy affect globalisation?

A

There has been a massive spread of free-trade capitalism across the globe.
Economic interdependency started with Bretton-Woods 1944 and has increased since then - every country imports & exports good

23
Q

In what ways does the economy affect globalisation?

A

There has been a massive spread of free-trade capitalism across the globe.
Economic interdependency started with Bretton-Woods 1944 and has increased since then - every country imports & exports goods - led to a hugely interdependent global finance market

24
Q

In what ways does technology affect globalisation?

A

News & information is readily available to all people through the internet & social media
Has led to uprisings such as the Arab Spring

25
Q

In what ways does politics affect globalisation?

A

States make more & more decisions together - increasing global governance
Organisations such as the IMF, EU, G20, UN exist to address common problems everyone faces
States are unable to fight back against issues such as climate change or the rise of TNCs alone - political globalisation facilitates this

26
Q

In what ways does globalisation impact the cost of communication?

A

Communication has vastly improved as a result of globalisation - smartphones & the internet mean you can instantaneously talk to anyone across the globe at any time

27
Q

In what ways has globalisation affected the cost of transport?

A

Transport has become easier than it ever has been & is much faster. This means that global supply chains are now possible and reliable.

28
Q

In what ways has globalisation affected human links?

A

The internet & social media mean that anyone can speak to anyone else, no matter where they live or who they are. People can also migrate to pretty much any country they want & experience different cultures.

29
Q

In what ways does globalisation challenge state power?

A

States are no longer the only key actors on the international stage - TNCs, NGOs, and terrorist organisations all have far more reach than they once did.

30
Q

What effect has globalisation had on the development of international law?

A

While international law is arguably an impossible concept, states generally follow them due to increased interconnectedness.
It is in their best interests to do so, as it will avoid isolation & ensures that other states will do the same

31
Q

What effect has globalisation had on humanitarian intervention?

A

There is far more knowledge of what other states are doing now - principle of non-intervention in another sovereign state is frequently challenged by this.

32
Q

What has been adopted to try to reconcile state sovereignty with the idea of humanitarian intervention?

A

The ‘Right to Protect’, where a state has to ensure its own citizens are protected, and other states will step in if they do not ensure this.

33
Q

Who are Hyperglobalisers & what do they believe?

A

They see globalisation as an inevitability, and the consequence of human advancement. You can’t become less globalised; there’s no turning back.

34
Q

Who are Sceptics and what do they believe?

A

Globalisation is a myth, and the so-called integrated economy does not exist - national & regional economies are far more important in reality.

35
Q

Who are Transformationalists & what do they believe?

A

Tread a middle path betwen hyperglobalisers & sceptics - globalisation has caused significant change, but hasn’t changed the overall shape of the international system.

36
Q

What are some positive impacts of political globalisation?

A

Cooperation on global issues
States can still maintain sovereignty
Spread of Western Liberal ideas leads to peace & prosperity
Pooled Sovereignty can be withdrawn - Brexit

37
Q

What are some negative impacts of political globalisation?

A

Erodes national sovereignty - arguably cannot excercise it due to globalisation
NGOs undermine sovereignty
TNCs have a lot of power
Humanitarian intervention poses a difficult question on sovereignty
Regional institutions use pooled sovereignty

38
Q

What are some positive impacts of economic globalisation?

A

Help for poverty - reduction of absolute global poverty
Bretton Woods 1944 led to economic cooperation
IMF & World Bank help keep everything stable
WTO connects developing world to western markets

39
Q

What are some negative impacts of economic globalisation?

A

Can deepen inequalities - ‘race to the bottom’
Western companies & TNCs exploit the developing world
Economic concerns can lead to political backlash - NAFTA becomes USMCA

40
Q

What are some positive impacts of cultural globalisation?

A

Access to global culture
Not just Americanisation
Global civil society
People can go anywhere & immigrate anywhere
Can spread liberal ideas

41
Q

What are some negative impacts of cultural globalisation?

A

Cultural Homogenisation
Westernisation of culture
Coca-Colonisation
Can lead to Nationalist backlash

42
Q

What is Coca-Colonisation?

A

The idea that American culture is taking over everywhere through brands like Coca-Cola

43
Q

How does Globalisation help to solve Poverty?

A

Access to global markets for developing world
Global institutes try to help - IMF, World Bank, WTO, G20

44
Q

How does Globalisation fail to solve poverty?

A

Lowering living standards
‘Race to the bottom’ - TNC exploitation
Global institutes often don’t help - IMF loans have caveats

45
Q

How does Globalisation help to solve conflict?

A

Interdependence reduced chances of going to war
Global institutes help to stop conflict - UN, NATO

46
Q

How does Globalisation fail to stop conflict?

A

Backlash to globalisation can take the form of terrorism
Interconnectedness didn’t stop Russia
UN arguably does nothing

47
Q

How does Globalisation help to solve Human Rights issues?

A

Spread of Liberal Western ideas
NGOs such as Amnesty International help promote HR
Intervention to help HR - Iraq 2003, Kosovo 1999

48
Q

How does Globalisation fail to solve Human Rights issues?

A

Intervention is often unsuccessful; Iraq, Rwanda, Syria
Nationalists can resist Human Rights
Many countries still ignore Human Rights today

49
Q

How does Globalisation help to solve environmental issues?

A

COP conferences
UNFCCC set up
NGOs such as Greenpeace

50
Q

How does Globalisation fail to solve environmental issues?

A

CO2 emissions rise due to international shipping & travel
Chinese production leads to mass pollution
Brazil is chopping down the Amazon

Edexcel A Level Politics (18 decks)

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