C3: Structure and Bonding

Question 1

Solids:

Answer 1

-fixed shape and volume, cannot be compressed, vibrate in fixed positions.

Question 2

Liquids:

Answer 2

-fixed volume, can flow, more space than when solid.
-particles slide over one another.

Question 3

Gases:

Answer 3

-no fixed shape or volume, compressed easily
-random and rapid movements.

Question 4

What does particle theory describe?

Answer 4

-movement of particles
-average distance between particles

Question 5

Liquid to solid

Answer 5

freezing

Question 6

solid to liquid

Answer 6

melting

Question 7

liquid to gas

Answer 7

evaporation

Question 8

gas to liquid

Answer 8

condensation

Question 9

solid to gas

Answer 9

sublimation

Question 10

gas to solid

Answer 10

depostion

Question 11

Why doesn’t the temperature increase when changing state?

Answer 11

All energy is going towards breaking the particles apart from one another.

Question 12

What are the limitations of the particle model?

Answer 12

-No electrostatic attractions
-Solid spheres, not atoms

Question 13

What is the bonding that shares electrons?

Answer 13

Covalent

Question 14

What is the bonding that transfers electrons?

Answer 14

Ionic

Question 15

What charge ions do metals form?

Answer 15

Positive

Question 16

What charge ion do non-metals form?

Answer 16

Negative

Question 17

What do we use to represent ionic bonding?

Answer 17

dot and cross diagrams

Question 18

What charge ion do group 5 form?

Answer 18

3-

Question 19

What charge ion do group 4 create

Answer 19

Don’t make ions silly (other than tin and lead)

Question 20

How are ionic compounds held together?

Answer 20

Strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 21

What can ionic bonds create (if there are lots of them)

Answer 21

-giant ionic structures
-giant ionic lattices

Question 22

What is a lattice?

Answer 22

arranged in a regular pattern

Question 23

main property of ionic compounds?

Answer 23

high melting and boiling points

Question 24

why can molten ionic COMPOUND then conduct electricity when dissolved in water?

Answer 24

Attracted to oppositely charged electrodes and carry their electrical charge through the liquid.

Question 25

why can ionic compound IN SOLUTION conduct electricity?

Answer 25

ions (+delocalised electrons) can move around freely within the solution.

Question 26

Covalent bonding - what is it between?

Answer 26

non metal and non metal

Question 27

what does covalent bonding entail?

Answer 27

two non metals sharing electrons to fill their outer shells.

Question 28

What are giant covalent structures also known as?

Answer 28

Macromolecules

Question 29

What is diamond an example of?

Answer 29

Giant covalent structure

Question 30

What is diamond made of

Answer 30

Carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds with its neighbours.

Question 31

How do we express covalent bonds?

Answer 31

Dot and cross (but with circles!)

Question 32

Intermolecular forces _____ with the size of the molecules.

Answer 32

Increase (higher b+m points but thats easy.)

Question 33

What is a polymer

Answer 33

made up of many small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains.

Question 34

example of polymer

Answer 34

poly(ethene)

Question 35

Long polymers can be expressed like:

Answer 35

( H H ) -(-C----C-)- (poly(ethene)) ( H H ) n

Question 36

Can compounds made of simple molecules conduct electricity?

Answer 36

NO, no overall charge, neutral molecules can't carry charge.

Question 37

Properties of diamond

Answer 37

-very hard -high boiling point -insoluble in water.

Question 38

can giant covalent structures conduct?

Answer 38

NO, other than GRAPHITE

Question 39

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

Answer 39

It has layers, and delocalised electrons run between the layers.

Question 40

What do the layers in graphite form?

Answer 40

hexagons

Question 41

What is graphite arranged in?

Answer 41

layers

Question 42

why is graphite soft and slippery?

Answer 42

it's in layers

Question 43

what is a fullerene?

Answer 43

hollow-shaped molecules of carbon

Question 44

Shape of fullerenes:

Answer 44

hexagon

Question 45

Example of a fullerene:

Answer 45

carbon nanotube

Question 46

Properties of fullerenes:

Answer 46

-high tensile strength -high electrical and thermal conductivity.

Question 47

What can fullerenes be used for?

Answer 47

drug delivery into the body.

Question 48

What is graphene?

Answer 48

a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite

Question 49

How thick is graphene?

Answer 49

1 atom thick.

Question 50

Properties of graphene?

Answer 50

-excellent conductor of thermal energy and electricity. -low density -strong

Question 51

Metals can form what, even though not visible to the naked eye?

Answer 51

crystals

Question 52

What is metallic bonding between?

Answer 52

two metals

Question 53

How do the outer electrons move in metallic bonding?

Answer 53

Move freely throughout the structure (delocalised)

Question 54

What do the delocalised electrons in metallic bonding do?

Answer 54

Make them conduct electricity.

Question 55

What is an alloy?

Answer 55

mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.

Question 56

Why are metals used as cooking utensils?

Answer 56

Cook conductors of thermal energy, high melting points.

Question 57

Why do metals have high melting points?

Answer 57

giant structures, lots of energy to break apart electrostatic attraction.

Question 58

1nm=?m

Answer 58

1x10 (-9) m

Question 59

What do nanoparticles have that makes them useful?

Answer 59

high surface area :volume

Question 60

uses of nanoparticles (materials):

Answer 60

-glass (breaks down dirt) -Sunscreen (effective blockers) -cosmetics (deeper into skin)

Question 61

uses of nanoparticles (medical)

Answer 61

-nanocages delivering drugs -can potentially change the proteins in a cancer cell and destroy it.

Question 62

risks of nanoparticles:

Answer 62

-can cause explosion of catalysts -finding way into atmosphere, can breathe in and damage lungs. -affect wildlife