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Chemistry GCSE OCR Gateway B > C3 - Chemical Economics > Flashcards

C3 - Chemical Economics Flashcards

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1
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100

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2
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is the equation for percentage yield?

A

(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100

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3
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?

A

mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change

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4
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?

A

energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned

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5
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?

A

Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene

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6
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the advantages of a continuous process?

A

Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.

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7
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?

A

High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.

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8
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the advantages of a batch process?

A

Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.

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9
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the disadvantages of a batch process?

A

Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.

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10
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of diamond?

A

High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

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11
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?

A

Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.

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12
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the properties of graphite?

A

High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

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13
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

A

Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.

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14
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?

A

Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.

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15
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.

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16
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?

A

They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.

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17
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What can fullerenes be used for?

A

Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.

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18
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What properties do giant molecular structures have?

A

Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.

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19
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.

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20
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.

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21
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

A

Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.

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22
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of an exothermic reaction?

A

Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.

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23
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?

A

The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.

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24
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?

A

The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.

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25
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What does a calorimetric experiment involve?

A

Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.

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26
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?

A

Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.

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27
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is one of the slowest reactions?

A

Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.

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28
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?

A

Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.

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29
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What is an example of a fast reaction?

A

Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.

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30
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?

A

Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.

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31
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?

A

Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).

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32
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?

A

Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst

33
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What happens to mass in a reaction?

A

It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.

34
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What does a low atom economy mean?

A

They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren’t profitable.

35
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What does a high atom economy mean?

A

The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.

36
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?

A

To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.

37
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why is the % yield never 100%?

A

Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)

38
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?

A

Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can’t be automated)

39
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

What are the steps in chromatography?

A

Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.

40
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100

A

What is the equation for atom economy?

41
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100

A

What is the equation for percentage yield?

42
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change

A

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?

43
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned

A

How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?

44
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene

A

What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?

45
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.

A

What are the advantages of a continuous process?

46
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.

A

What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?

47
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.

A

What are the advantages of a batch process?

48
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.

A

What are the disadvantages of a batch process?

49
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

A

What are the properties of diamond?

50
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.

A

What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?

51
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.

A

What are the properties of graphite?

52
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.

A

Why does diamond not conduct electricity?

53
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.

A

Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?

54
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.

A

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

55
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.

A

Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?

56
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.

A

What can fullerenes be used for?

57
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.

A

What properties do giant molecular structures have?

58
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.

A

What is an exothermic reaction?

59
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.

A

What is an endothermic reaction?

60
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.

A

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

61
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.

A

What is an example of an exothermic reaction?

62
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.

A

What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?

63
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.

A

What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?

64
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.

A

What does a calorimetric experiment involve?

65
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.

A

How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?

66
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.

A

What is one of the slowest reactions?

67
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.

A

What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?

68
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.

A

What is an example of a fast reaction?

69
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.

A

What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?

70
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).

A

What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?

71
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst

A

What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?

72
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.

A

What happens to mass in a reaction?

73
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren’t profitable.

A

What does a low atom economy mean?

74
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.

A

What does a high atom economy mean?

75
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.

A

Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?

76
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)

A

Why is the % yield never 100%?

77
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can’t be automated)

A

Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?

78
Q

C3 - Chemical Economics

Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.

A

What are the steps in chromatography?

Chemistry GCSE OCR Gateway B (6 decks)

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