C3 - Chemical Economics Flashcards
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is the equation for atom economy?
(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is the equation for percentage yield?
(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100
C3 - Chemical Economics
How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?
mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change
C3 - Chemical Economics
How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?
energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?
Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the advantages of a continuous process?
Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?
High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the advantages of a batch process?
Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the disadvantages of a batch process?
Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the properties of diamond?
High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?
Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the properties of graphite?
High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why does diamond not conduct electricity?
Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?
Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why can graphite conduct electricity?
Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?
They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What can fullerenes be used for?
Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What properties do giant molecular structures have?
Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an exothermic reaction?
One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an endothermic reaction?
One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an example of an endothermic reaction?
Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an example of an exothermic reaction?
Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?
The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?
The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What does a calorimetric experiment involve?
Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.
C3 - Chemical Economics
How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?
Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is one of the slowest reactions?
Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?
Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What is an example of a fast reaction?
Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?
Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?
Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).
C3 - Chemical Economics
What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?
Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst
C3 - Chemical Economics
What happens to mass in a reaction?
It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What does a low atom economy mean?
They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren’t profitable.
C3 - Chemical Economics
What does a high atom economy mean?
The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?
To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why is the % yield never 100%?
Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)
C3 - Chemical Economics
Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?
Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can’t be automated)
C3 - Chemical Economics
What are the steps in chromatography?
Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.
C3 - Chemical Economics
(Mr of desired product ÷ sum of Mr of ALL products) x 100
What is the equation for atom economy?
C3 - Chemical Economics
(actual yield ÷ expected yield) x 100
What is the equation for percentage yield?
C3 - Chemical Economics
mass of water x specific heat capacity of water x temperature change
How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel?
C3 - Chemical Economics
energy transferred ÷ mass of fuel burned
How do you calculate the energy tranferred by a fuel per gram?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Diamond, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene
What are the 3 allotropes of carbon?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Does not need to be shut down often. Can be highly automated. Can produce a high quantity at once. Consistent quality.
What are the advantages of a continuous process?
C3 - Chemical Economics
High startup costs. Not flexible - can’t produce a range of products on the same machinery.
What are the disadvantages of a continuous process?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Small/low startup costs. Can produce a variety of products (flexible). Drugs can be complicated so it’s easier to make small batches - easier to recall if there is a problem.
What are the advantages of a batch process?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Equipment needs cleaning out before each batch. Difficult to keep consistentcy. Very labour intensive.
What are the disadvantages of a batch process?
C3 - Chemical Economics
High melting point. Rigid structure. Does NOT conduct electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
What are the properties of diamond?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Can be joined to form nanotubes. Used as industrial catalysts.
What are the properties of buckminsterfullerene?
C3 - Chemical Economics
High melting point. Slippery. Conducts electricity. Lustrous/shiny.
What are the properties of graphite?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Because there are no delocalised (free) electrons. All 4 carbon atoms are bonded to.
Why does diamond not conduct electricity?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Because the strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break.
Why do diamond and graphite have high melting points?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Because only 3 out of the 4 carbon atoms are used in bonds, therefore it has free (delocalised) electrons.
Why can graphite conduct electricity?
C3 - Chemical Economics
They can be joined to form nanotubes which have a large surface area. Individual catalyst molecules can be attached to the nanotube.
Why can fullerene be used as a catalyst?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Administering drugs to the body for slow release, by caging the molecule and trapping it inside. Industrial catalysts.
What can fullerenes be used for?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Usually don’t conduct electricity - except graphite. Have high melting points. Don’t dissolve in water. Strong.
What properties do giant molecular structures have?
C3 - Chemical Economics
One which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, which is shown by a rise in temperature.
What is an exothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
One which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat which is shown by a fall in temperature.
What is an endothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Thermal decomposition because heat must be supplied to cause the compound to decompose.
What is an example of an endothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Burning fuels, as it gives out lots of heat.
What is an example of an exothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
The energy released in bond formation exceeds the amount of energy used in breaking old bonds.
What happens to bonds in an exothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
The energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when new bonds are formed.
What happens to bonds in an endothermic reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Heating water by burning a liquid fuel. Reduce draughts and put as much heat as possible into heating up the water.
What does a calorimetric experiment involve?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Same apparatus, same amount of water, and the water should start and finish at the same temperature.
How is a calorimetric experiment kept fair?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Rusting of iron. Though others include chemical weathering.
What is one of the slowest reactions?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Reacting a metal with a dilute acid to produce a gentle stream of bubbles.
What is an example of a moderate speed reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Burning is really fast. But an explosion is even faster and releases a lot of gas. Explosive reactions are all over in a fraction of a second.
What is an example of a fast reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Measure the change in mass - take readings off the balance at regular intervals. Measure the volume of gas - use a gas syringe to measure the volume of gas produced at regular intervals.
What 2 ways can the gas produced measure the rate of a reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Collision frequency (how often they collide), and the energy transferred during a collision (particles must collide with sufficient energy to be successful).
What does the rate of a chemical reaction depend upon?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration or pressure, larger surface area (by crushing/cutting into smaller pieces) and addding a catalyst
What 4 factors can lead to an increased rate of reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
It is always conserved. No atoms are destroyed or created.
What happens to mass in a reaction?
C3 - Chemical Economics
They use up resources very quickly and make lots of waste materials - usually these processes aren’t profitable.
What does a low atom economy mean?
C3 - Chemical Economics
The products are used and produce lots of products, very little is wasted.
What does a high atom economy mean?
C3 - Chemical Economics
To reduce waste and reduce costs/make more profit.
Why do industrial processes want as high a % yield as possible?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Because some product always gets lost through things like: evaporation, not all reactants reacting to make a product, filtration and transferring liquids (left on inside of container)
Why is the % yield never 100%?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Research and development (finding a suitable compound, testing it and modifying it), trialling (all need to be tested before use) and manufacture (batch process is labour intensive and can’t be automated)
Why do pharmaceutical drugs cost a lot?
C3 - Chemical Economics
Crush, boil to dissolve in a suitable solvent, separate by chromatography (spots of different chemicals move up the paper at different speeds), extract the chemical you want.
What are the steps in chromatography?
