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Chemistry GCSE OCR Gateway B > C2 - Chemical Resources > Flashcards

C2 - Chemical Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the crust?

A

The Earth’s outer layer of solid rock. Average depth of 20km

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2
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the lithosphere?

A

It includes the crust and upper part of the mantle. It is made up of a jigsaw of tectonic plates and is cold and rigid - over 100km thick in places.

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3
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the mantle?

A

Solid section between the crust and core. Very rigid and temperature increases. Becomes less rigid and flows very slowly - semi liquid.

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4
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the core?

A

It is just over half the Earth’s radius. 2 parts - inner core (solid) and outer core (liquid).

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5
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What causes tectonic plates to move?

A

Radioactive decay creates lots of heat which creates convection currents in the mantle, causing the plates of the lithosphere to move.

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6
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are tectonic plates?

A

Big rocky rafts that float on the mantle because they are less dense. Move very slowly - about 2.5cm per year.

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7
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What can tectonic plates cause?

A

Earthquakes and volcanoes where the plates meet, caused by movement of the plates against each other.

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8
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is it difficult to study the Earth’s inner structure?

A

The crust is too thick to drill through.

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9
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How can scientists study the Earth’s structure?

A

Using seismic waves produced by earthquakes or man made explosions. Measure the time it takes for them to travel through the Earth and where they are detected.

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10
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the two types of seismic wave?

A

P-Waves which can only travel through solids and liquids. S-Waves can only travel through solids.

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11
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How are volcanoes formed?

A

As an oceanic plate is forced down, it melts and starts to rise. Molten rock (magma) from the mantle emerges through crust and boils over - sometimes violently.

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12
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Which plate is denser?

A

Oceanic plate

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13
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is subduction?

A

When tectonic plates collide a dense oceanic plate is forced under a less dense continental plate.

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14
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with runny lava and a fairly safe eruption?

A

Iron-rich basalt

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15
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with thick lava and an explosive eruption?

A

Silica-rich Rhyolite

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16
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is it tricky to predict a volcanic eruption?

A

Volcanoes are unpredictable - scientists may only be able to say an eruption is more likely, not certain.

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17
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas which get buried over millions of years, squeezing out the water. Fluid flowing through pores deposit natural mineral cement.

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18
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?

A

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

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19
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?

A

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂

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20
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Heat and pressure on sedimentary or igneous rocks over a long time. As long as they don’t melt they are metamorphic.

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21
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is an example of a metamorphic rock?

A

Marble - formed from limestone. The heat and pressure breaks down limestone so it reforms as small crystals making marble harder and it has more texture.

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22
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why are ignous rocks very hard?

A

They contain different minerals in randomly arranged interlocking crystals.

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23
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is an example of an igneous rock?

A

Granite - ideal for steps and buildings

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24
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How are aluminium and iron made?

A

They are extracted from their ores.

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25
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is glass made from?

A

Heat up limestone (calcium carbonate), sand (silicon dioxide) and soda (sodium carbonate) until it melts.

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26
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are bricks made from?

A

Clay. It is initially soft when dug up but is hardened by very high temperatures.

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27
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How can cement be made?

A

Powdered clay containing aluminium and silicates, and powdered limestone are roasted to make a complex mixture of calium and aluminium silicates.

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28
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How is concrete made?

A

Cement is mixed with sand, aggregate (gavel) and water.

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29
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is reinforced concrete made of?

A

Concrete and solid steel supports - e.g. Steel rods. Because of this it is a composite material.

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30
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is reinforced concrete a better construction material?

A

It combines the hardness of concrete with the flexibility and strength of steel.

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31
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the environmental impacts of extracting rocks?

A

Quarrying uses land/destroys habitats and costs money to return it to new. Transporting rocks causes noise and pollution. Process produces dusta nd noise. Old sites are dangerous - disused mines are known to collapse (causing subsidence)

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32
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What does electrolysis mean?

A

Splitting up with electricity

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33
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What charge does the anode have?

A

Positive

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34
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What charge does the cathode have?

A

Negative

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35
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the reaction at the cathode for electrolysis of copper?

A

Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu

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36
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the reaction at the anode for electrolysis of copper?

A

Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻

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37
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What type of reaction takes place at the cathode?

A

REDUCTION - electrons are gained

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38
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What type of reaction takes place at the anode?

A

OXIDATION - electrons are lost

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39
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is recycling copper better than extracting new?

A

Cheaper than mining and extracting from ores. Recycling uses 15% of the energy that extracting new requires.

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40
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the issues with recycling copper?

A

It is difficult to convince people that the effort is worth it and for them to sort their rubbish. Sorting out the copper from other metals takes time and energy.

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41
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of a metal other elements. They can can be two or more different metals or they can be mixture of a metal and non metal.

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42
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is steel?

A

An alloy of iron and carbon. It is harder and stronger than iron. Steel is less likely to rust whereas iron would.

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43
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is bronze an alloy of and what are its uses?

A

Copper and zinc. Brass is harder than either material alone and can be used in musical instruments and fixtures and fittings like screws.

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44
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is solder an alloy of and what are its uses?

A

Lead and tin - because it solidifies as it cools it is used to solder things together.

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45
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is amalgam an alloy of and what are its uses?

A

Mercury - a large scale use is in dentistry.

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46
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is nitinol?

A

The name given to a family of alloys of nickel and titanium that have shape memory.

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47
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What alloy can be used to make spectacles?

A

Nitinol as the frames can be bent or sat on but still return to their normal shape.

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48
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the word equation for the rusting of iron?

A

iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron (III) oxide

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49
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What factors increase the reaction in the rusting of iron?

A

If the water is acidic or salty.

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50
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why doesn’t aluminium corrode?

A

It reacts very quickly with oxygen in the air to form aluminium oxide which becomes a protective layer stopping any more reaction taking place.

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51
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the advantages of aluminium over steel?

A

It has a lower density, making the car lighter and giving a better fuel economy. Also it corrodes less so will have a longer lifetime.

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52
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the disadvantage of using aluminium to make car bodies?

A

It is much more expensive than iron or steel.

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53
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What part of a car is steel good for?

A

Bodywork because it is strong and can be hammered into sheets and welded together.

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54
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What part of a car is aluminium good for?

A

Parts of the engine - it is strong and low density so using it reduces the overall weight.

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55
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What part of a car is glass good for?

A

Its transparency is used in the windscreens and windows.

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56
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What part of a car is plastic good for?

A

It is light and hard wearing, making it useful for internal coverings on doors and dashboards. Also as electrical insulators on wires.

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57
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What part of a car are fibres good for?

A

Natural and synthetic are hard wearing and are used to cover the seats and floor.

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58
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the European Law for recycling cars?

A

85% of the materials in a car must be recyclable - rising to 95% by 2015

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59
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the biggest problem with recycling cars?

A

All the non-metal parts must be separated before they are recycled.

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60
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Describe universal indicator…

A

A combination of dyes that changes colour gradually as the pH changes.

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61
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is phenolphthalein an example of?

A

A sudden change indicator - it goes from colourless to pink when the pH rises above 8.

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62
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is an acid?

A

A substance with a pH less than 7. Acids form H⁺ ions in water.

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63
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is pH a measure of?

A

The concentration of H⁺ ions

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64
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is a base?

A

A substance with a pH over 7 and is soluble in water. They form OH⁻ ions in water.

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65
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the word equation for neutralisation?

A

acid + base → salt + water

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66
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the ionic equation for neutralisation?

A

H⁺ + OH⁻ ⇌ H₂O

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67
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the word equations for metal oxides/hydroxides?

A

acid + metal oxide/hydroxide → salt + water

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68
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Complete: acid + carbonate…

A

→ salt + water + carbon dioxide

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69
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the word equation for acids and ammonia?

A

Acid + ammonia → ammonium salt

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70
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the 3 essential elements in fertilisers and what are they needed for?

A

Nitrogen - making proteins (amino acids) Phosphorous - respiration and growth Potassium - helps enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration.

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71
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What must a fertiliser be able to do in order to be taken up by roots?

A

dissolve in water

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72
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Give 4 examples of fertilisers…

A

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate.

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73
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the issue with fertilisers?

A

Eutrophication

74
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is eutrophication?

A

Fertilisers run off into rivers and streams, increasing levels of nitrates and phosphates. Algae uses these nutrients to multiply rapidly - algael bloom, blocking off sunlight to plants meaning they die. Aerobic bacteria which eats dead plants multiply and use all oxygen, killing fish and insects.

75
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What does methyl orange indicator do?

A

Turns from yellow to red when alkali is neutralised (used in making ammonium nitrate)

76
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

How is ammonium nitrate made?

A

Titration - methyl orange used. Nitric acid added to ammonia - goes from yellow to red. Evaporate solution until a little solution left - leave to crystallise. To get pure, note amount of acid needed and repeat but without indicator.

77
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the equation for the Haber process?

A

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃

78
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Where do the reactants for the Haber process come from?

A

Nitrogen - from the air (makes up 78% of air) Hydrogen - from cracking of oil fractions or natural gas

79
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are the industrial conditions for making ammonia?

A

Pressure - High (200 atmospheres) Temperature - 450°C Catalyst - Iron

80
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is the pressure high in the Haber Process?

A

It favours the forward reaction and this high pressure increases the % yield of ammonia.

81
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is a high temperature used in the Haber process?

A

It favours the reverse reaction - so a high temperature decreases the % yield. 450 is optimum because it gives a fast reaction rate and a reasonable % yield (compromise).

82
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What happens to unused hydrogen and nitrogen when making ammonia?

A

It is recycled - so nothing is wasted.

83
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Why is an iron catalyst used in the Haber Process?

A

It makes the reaction go faster which gets it to its equilibrium proportions more quickly - but doesn’t affect the position of equilibrium or % yield.

84
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What are optimum conditions?

A

Those that give the lowest production costs.

85
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What 5 factors affect production cost?

A

Price of energy, cost of raw materials, labour costs/wages, plant costs (equipment), rate of production

86
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is solution mining?

A

Pumping hot water underground which dissolves the salt and the salt solution is forced to the surface because of the water pressure.

87
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is the issue with salt mining?

A

The holes must be filled in otherwise it will cause subsidence where the land collapses and slides in to the hole.

88
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is produced in the electrolysis of brine?

A

Hydrogen gas, chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide.

89
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of brine? (including half-equations)

A

Chlorine gas: 2Cl⁻ - 2e⁻ → Cl₂ OXIDATION

90
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of brine? (including half-equations)

A

Hydrogen gas: 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂ REDUCTION

91
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

The Earth’s outer layer of solid rock. Average depth of 20km

A

What is the crust?

92
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It includes the crust and upper part of the mantle. It is made up of a jigsaw of tectonic plates and is cold and rigid - over 100km thick in places.

A

What is the lithosphere?

93
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Solid section between the crust and core. Very rigid and temperature increases. Becomes less rigid and flows very slowly - semi liquid.

A

What is the mantle?

94
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It is just over half the Earth’s radius. 2 parts - inner core (solid) and outer core (liquid).

A

What is the core?

95
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Radioactive decay creates lots of heat which creates convection currents in the mantle, causing the plates of the lithosphere to move.

A

What causes tectonic plates to move?

96
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Big rocky rafts that float on the mantle because they are less dense. Move very slowly - about 2.5cm per year.

A

What are tectonic plates?

97
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Earthquakes and volcanoes where the plates meet, caused by movement of the plates against each other.

A

What can tectonic plates cause?

98
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

The crust is too thick to drill through.

A

Why is it difficult to study the Earth’s inner structure?

99
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Using seismic waves produced by earthquakes or man made explosions. Measure the time it takes for them to travel through the Earth and where they are detected.

A

How can scientists study the Earth’s structure?

100
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

P-Waves which can only travel through solids and liquids. S-Waves can only travel through solids.

A

What are the two types of seismic wave?

101
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

As an oceanic plate is forced down, it melts and starts to rise. Molten rock (magma) from the mantle emerges through crust and boils over - sometimes violently.

A

How are volcanoes formed?

102
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Oceanic plate

A

Which plate is denser?

103
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

When tectonic plates collide a dense oceanic plate is forced under a less dense continental plate.

A

What is subduction?

104
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Iron-rich basalt

A

Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with runny lava and a fairly safe eruption?

105
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Silica-rich Rhyolite

A

Which igneous rock is formed from volcanoes with thick lava and an explosive eruption?

106
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Volcanoes are unpredictable - scientists may only be able to say an eruption is more likely, not certain.

A

Why is it tricky to predict a volcanic eruption?

107
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas which get buried over millions of years, squeezing out the water. Fluid flowing through pores deposit natural mineral cement.

A

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

108
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

A

What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?

109
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂

A

What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition of limestone?

110
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Heat and pressure on sedimentary or igneous rocks over a long time. As long as they don’t melt they are metamorphic.

A

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

111
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Marble - formed from limestone. The heat and pressure breaks down limestone so it reforms as small crystals making marble harder and it has more texture.

A

What is an example of a metamorphic rock?

112
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

They contain different minerals in randomly arranged interlocking crystals.

A

Why are ignous rocks very hard?

113
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Granite - ideal for steps and buildings

A

What is an example of an igneous rock?

114
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

They are extracted from their ores.

A

How are aluminium and iron made?

115
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Heat up limestone (calcium carbonate), sand (silicon dioxide) and soda (sodium carbonate) until it melts.

A

What is glass made from?

116
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Clay. It is initially soft when dug up but is hardened by very high temperatures.

A

What are bricks made from?

117
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Powdered clay containing aluminium and silicates, and powdered limestone are roasted to make a complex mixture of calium and aluminium silicates.

A

How can cement be made?

118
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Cement is mixed with sand, aggregate (gavel) and water.

A

How is concrete made?

119
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Concrete and solid steel supports - e.g. Steel rods. Because of this it is a composite material.

A

What is reinforced concrete made of?

120
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It combines the hardness of concrete with the flexibility and strength of steel.

A

Why is reinforced concrete a better construction material?

121
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Quarrying uses land/destroys habitats and costs money to return it to new. Transporting rocks causes noise and pollution. Process produces dusta nd noise. Old sites are dangerous - disused mines are known to collapse (causing subsidence)

A

What are the environmental impacts of extracting rocks?

122
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Splitting up with electricity

A

What does electrolysis mean?

123
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Positive

A

What charge does the anode have?

124
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Negative

A

What charge does the cathode have?

125
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu

A

What is the reaction at the cathode for electrolysis of copper?

126
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻

A

What is the reaction at the anode for electrolysis of copper?

127
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

REDUCTION - electrons are gained

A

What type of reaction takes place at the cathode?

128
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

OXIDATION - electrons are lost

A

What type of reaction takes place at the anode?

129
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Cheaper than mining and extracting from ores. Recycling uses 15% of the energy that extracting new requires.

A

Why is recycling copper better than extracting new?

130
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It is difficult to convince people that the effort is worth it and for them to sort their rubbish. Sorting out the copper from other metals takes time and energy.

A

What are the issues with recycling copper?

131
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

A mixture of a metal other elements. They can can be two or more different metals or they can be mixture of a metal and non metal.

A

What is an alloy?

132
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

An alloy of iron and carbon. It is harder and stronger than iron. Steel is less likely to rust whereas iron would.

A

What is steel?

133
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Copper and zinc. Brass is harder than either material alone and can be used in musical instruments and fixtures and fittings like screws.

A

What is bronze an alloy of and what are its uses?

134
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Lead and tin - because it solidifies as it cools it is used to solder things together.

A

What is solder an alloy of and what are its uses?

135
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Mercury - a large scale use is in dentistry.

A

What is amalgam an alloy of and what are its uses?

136
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

The name given to a family of alloys of nickel and titanium that have shape memory.

A

What is nitinol?

137
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Nitinol as the frames can be bent or sat on but still return to their normal shape.

A

What alloy can be used to make spectacles?

138
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron (III) oxide

A

What is the word equation for the rusting of iron?

139
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

If the water is acidic or salty.

A

What factors increase the reaction in the rusting of iron?

140
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It reacts very quickly with oxygen in the air to form aluminium oxide which becomes a protective layer stopping any more reaction taking place.

A

Why doesn’t aluminium corrode?

141
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It has a lower density, making the car lighter and giving a better fuel economy. Also it corrodes less so will have a longer lifetime.

A

What are the advantages of aluminium over steel?

142
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It is much more expensive than iron or steel.

A

What is the disadvantage of using aluminium to make car bodies?

143
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Bodywork because it is strong and can be hammered into sheets and welded together.

A

What part of a car is steel good for?

144
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Parts of the engine - it is strong and low density so using it reduces the overall weight.

A

What part of a car is aluminium good for?

145
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Its transparency is used in the windscreens and windows.

A

What part of a car is glass good for?

146
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It is light and hard wearing, making it useful for internal coverings on doors and dashboards. Also as electrical insulators on wires.

A

What part of a car is plastic good for?

147
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Natural and synthetic are hard wearing and are used to cover the seats and floor.

A

What part of a car are fibres good for?

148
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

85% of the materials in a car must be recyclable - rising to 95% by 2015

A

What is the European Law for recycling cars?

149
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

All the non-metal parts must be separated before they are recycled.

A

What is the biggest problem with recycling cars?

150
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

A combination of dyes that changes colour gradually as the pH changes.

A

Describe universal indicator…

151
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

A sudden change indicator - it goes from colourless to pink when the pH rises above 8.

A

What is phenolphthalein an example of?

152
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

A substance with a pH less than 7. Acids form H⁺ ions in water.

A

What is an acid?

153
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

The concentration of H⁺ ions

A

What is pH a measure of?

154
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

A substance with a pH over 7 and is soluble in water. They form OH⁻ ions in water.

A

What is a base?

155
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

acid + base → salt + water

A

What is the word equation for neutralisation?

156
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

H⁺ + OH⁻ ⇌ H₂O

A

What is the ionic equation for neutralisation?

157
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

acid + metal oxide/hydroxide → salt + water

A

What are the word equations for metal oxides/hydroxides?

158
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

→ salt + water + carbon dioxide

A

Complete: acid + carbonate…

159
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Acid + ammonia → ammonium salt

A

What is the word equation for acids and ammonia?

160
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Nitrogen - making proteins (amino acids) Phosphorous - respiration and growth Potassium - helps enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration.

A

What are the 3 essential elements in fertilisers and what are they needed for?

161
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

dissolve in water

A

What must a fertiliser be able to do in order to be taken up by roots?

162
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate.

A

Give 4 examples of fertilisers…

163
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Eutrophication

A

What is the issue with fertilisers?

164
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Fertilisers run off into rivers and streams, increasing levels of nitrates and phosphates. Algae uses these nutrients to multiply rapidly - algael bloom, blocking off sunlight to plants meaning they die. Aerobic bacteria which eats dead plants multiply and use all oxygen, killing fish and insects.

A

What is eutrophication?

165
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Turns from yellow to red when alkali is neutralised (used in making ammonium nitrate)

A

What does methyl orange indicator do?

166
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Titration - methyl orange used. Nitric acid added to ammonia - goes from yellow to red. Evaporate solution until a little solution left - leave to crystallise. To get pure, note amount of acid needed and repeat but without indicator.

A

How is ammonium nitrate made?

167
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃

A

What is the equation for the Haber process?

168
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Nitrogen - from the air (makes up 78% of air) Hydrogen - from cracking of oil fractions or natural gas

A

Where do the reactants for the Haber process come from?

169
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Pressure - High (200 atmospheres) Temperature - 450°C Catalyst - Iron

A

What are the industrial conditions for making ammonia?

170
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It favours the forward reaction and this high pressure increases the % yield of ammonia.

A

Why is the pressure high in the Haber Process?

171
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It favours the reverse reaction - so a high temperature decreases the % yield. 450 is optimum because it gives a fast reaction rate and a reasonable % yield (compromise).

A

Why is a high temperature used in the Haber process?

172
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It is recycled - so nothing is wasted.

A

What happens to unused hydrogen and nitrogen when making ammonia?

173
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

It makes the reaction go faster which gets it to its equilibrium proportions more quickly - but doesn’t affect the position of equilibrium or % yield.

A

Why is an iron catalyst used in the Haber Process?

174
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Those that give the lowest production costs.

A

What are optimum conditions?

175
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Price of energy, cost of raw materials, labour costs/wages, plant costs (equipment), rate of production

A

What 5 factors affect production cost?

176
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Pumping hot water underground which dissolves the salt and the salt solution is forced to the surface because of the water pressure.

A

What is solution mining?

177
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

The holes must be filled in otherwise it will cause subsidence where the land collapses and slides in to the hole.

A

What is the issue with salt mining?

178
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Hydrogen gas, chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide.

A

What is produced in the electrolysis of brine?

179
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Chlorine gas: 2Cl⁻ - 2e⁻ → Cl₂ OXIDATION

A

What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of brine? (including half-equations)

180
Q

C2 - Chemical Resources

Hydrogen gas: 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂ REDUCTION

A

What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of brine? (including half-equations)

Chemistry GCSE OCR Gateway B (6 decks)

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