C1 - Carbon Chemistry Flashcards
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a colloid (paint)?
Tiny particles of pigment are dispersed in a liquid. Particles are too small to settle out. Suspended but not dissolved.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does volatile mean?
How easily a liquid evaporates. Particles move faster when heated. Fast moving particles at surface overcome forces of attraction from other particles - evaporate.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the process called for making an Ester?
Esterification
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the equation for making an ester?
Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a carboxylic acid?
An acid built around 1 or more carbon atom.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Give a method to create an ester…
Mix 10cm³ of ethanoic acid with 10cm³ of ethanol. Add 1cm³ of concentrated sulphuric acid - warm gently. Tip mixture into 150cm³ of sodium carbonate solution - to neutralise. Smell.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
How can cosmetics be tested?
On animals. Banned in EU and controversial. Some say animals suffer, others say it’s worth checking they won’t harm humans.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition of baking powder?
2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are synthetic esters/perfumes?
Esters manufactured to use as flavourings or perfumes. E.g. Combinations of esters that smell of lavender, orange, cinnamon.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of baking powder?
sodium hydrogencarbonate → sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is thermal decomposition?
When a substance is broken down into simpler substances by heat. Many reactions use a catalyst.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Why must potatoes be cooked?
Humans can’t digest cellulose (rigid cell wall). Cooking ruptures cell walls and makes strach cells swell up and spread out. Makes potato softer, more flexible, easier to digest.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What happens to proteins when cooked?
They change shape. Energy from cooking breaks some chemical bonds allowing protein to take a different shape. Gives food an edible texture and is irreversible - called denaturing.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Why is cooking a chemical change?
Because cooking produces a new substance which can’t be changed back. It is irreversible.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does hydrophobic mean?
Doesn’t like water. Hydrophobic part bonds to oil molecules.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water loving. Hydrophilic part bonds to water molecules.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are anti-oxidants?
They help to preserve food
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is an emulsifier and what does it do?
Help oil and water bind together and stop them separating out. Has two parts - a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are food additives?
They are added to food to make them last longer, taste better and look better.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are flavour enhancers?
Bring out taste and smell of a food without adding any flavour of their own.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a solute?
Substance which is being dissolved.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a solvent?
The liquid the solute is being dissolved in.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does soluble mean?
It will dissolve
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does insoluble mean?
It won’t dissolve
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is solubility?
A measure of how much something will dissolve.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What can nail varnish also be known as?
Acetone or propanone
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is in a paint?
A solvent, binding medium and pigment.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the solvent for in a paint?
It evaporates when paint dries. Added to make paint thinner and spread easily.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the pigment for in a paint?
To give the paint its colour
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the binding medium in paint?
It is a liquid that carries the pigment bits and holds them together. When it goes solid, it sticks the pigment to the surface.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are thermochromic pigments and what are they used for?
They are pigments which change colour or become transparent when the temperature changes. They can be used in baby products and kettles.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are thermochromic pigments and what are they used for?
They are pigments which change colour or become transparent when the temperature changes. They can be used in baby products and kettles.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are phosphorescent pigments and what can they be used for?
They absorb light, store it and release it over a period of time. Glow in the dark hands on clocks are safer than radioactive watches.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
How are polymers formed?
By joining lots of monomers together in a reaction called polymerisation.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What conditions are needed for polymerisation?
High pressure and a catalyst
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are unsaturated compounds?
Molecules with at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is addition polymerisation?
Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) can open up their double covalent bond and join together to form polymer chains.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the properties of a polymer with weak intermolecular forces?
The chains are free to slide over each other which makes the polymer easily stretchable and gives it a low melting point.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the properties of a polymer with strong intermolecular forces?
They have higher melting points and are rigid, so can’t be stretched because the cross links holds the chains firmly together.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What can strong and rigid polymers be used for?
Plastic milk bottles (e.g. high density Polyethene can be used).
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What can light and stretchable polymers be used for?
E.g. Light density polyethene can be used for plastic bags and squeezy bottles - it’s not good for anything that will get hot because of its low melting point.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What uses does PVC have?
It is strong and durable, and can be made rigid or stretchy. The rigid PVC can make window frames and piping. The stretchy can make synthetic leather.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What can polystyrene foam be used for?
Packaging and disposable coffee cups because the trapped air makes a good thermal insulator.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the problem with synthetic fibres?
Nylon coated with polyurethane doesn’t let water vapour through - which means sweat condenses and makes the person uncomfortable. Not breathable
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is good about Gore-Tex?
It combines nylon and polyurethane whilst also being breathable. The PTFE film allows water vapout through but stops rain droplets.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the issues with polymers?
Most aren’t biodegradable - waste land and plastic in landfills. Burning them release toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen cyanide. Recycling is the best but can be expensive.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is a hydrocarbon?
Any compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are hydrocarbons held together by?
Strong covalent bonds between the atoms.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What bond do alkanes have?
Single covalent bonds
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What bond do alkenes have?
Double covalent bonds
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are saturated compounds?
(Alkanes) only contain single covalent bonds so they cannot join on to any other atoms.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the first four alkanes?
Methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the first three alkenes?
Ethene, propene, and butene.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What does bromine water test for?
The orange liquid turns colourless if an alkene is present because the bromine will be added to the double bond making it a dibromo compound in an addition reaction.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
How is crude oil separated?
Through fractional distillation. Oil is heated until most is gas. This goes to a fractionating column which has a temperature gradient.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which is the hottest part of a fractionating colum?
The bottom
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which is the coolest part of a fractionating colum?
The top
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which 3 fractions are at the top of the fractionating column?
LPG, followed by Petrol and Naphtha or Kerosene.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which 3 fractions are at the bottom of the fractionating column?
Bitumen and above that is oil, and then diesel.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What happens as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases?
The boiling point increases, it gets less flammable, it gets more viscous (doesn’t easily flow) and it gets less volatile.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is cracking?
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is cracking a form of?
Thermal decomposition
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Why are longer hydrocarbons cracked?
Because there is a higher demand for them. Also it produces lots of alkenes which are used to make polymers.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What conditions are needed for cracking?
A powdered catalyst (aluminium oxide) at a temperature of about 400°C-700°C
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the environmental problems of oil?
Oil tanker crashes/oil rig problems can lead to oil slicks. If oil covers birds’ feathers it stops them being waterproof so they die of cold/can no longer fly. Detergents can break up oil slicks but can be harmful to wildlife.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the political problems of oil?
Becomes more expensive meaning countries keep more for them. Those with a large supply have power over other countries - leads to conflicts. Countries without oil/gas may rely on politically unstable places for supply.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What are the political problems of oil?
Becomes more expensive meaning countries keep more for them. Those with a large supply have power over other countries - leads to conflicts. Countries without oil/gas may rely on politically unstable places for supply.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What should be considered when choosing the best fuel?
Energy value, availability, storage, cost, toxicity, ease of use and pollution.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
When does complete combustion happen?
When there is plenty of oxygen.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
When does incomplete combustion happen?
When there isn’t enough oxygen.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon (+ energy)
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which type of combustion is safe?
Complete combustion
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is carbon monoxide?
A colourless, odourless and poisonous gas .
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What processes remove carbon dioxide from the air?
Photosynthesis
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What processes add carbon dioxide from the air?
Respiration, combustion and decay.
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What causes acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What causes photochemical smog?
Oxides of nitrogen
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?
carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide → nitrogen + carbon dioxide
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?
2CO + 2NO → N₂ + 2CO₂
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which part of an emulsifier is hydrophobic?
Tail
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Which part of an emulsifier is hydrophilic?
Head
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Tiny particles of pigment are dispersed in a liquid. Particles are too small to settle out. Suspended but not dissolved.
What is a colloid (paint)?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
How easily a liquid evaporates. Particles move faster when heated. Fast moving particles at surface overcome forces of attraction from other particles - evaporate.
What does volatile mean?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Esterification
What is the process called for making an Ester?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
What is the equation for making an ester?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
An acid built around 1 or more carbon atom.
What is a carboxylic acid?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Mix 10cm³ of ethanoic acid with 10cm³ of ethanol. Add 1cm³ of concentrated sulphuric acid - warm gently. Tip mixture into 150cm³ of sodium carbonate solution - to neutralise. Smell.
Give a method to create an ester…
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
On animals. Banned in EU and controversial. Some say animals suffer, others say it’s worth checking they won’t harm humans.
How can cosmetics be tested?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
2NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
What is the symbol equation for thermal decomposition of baking powder?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Esters manufactured to use as flavourings or perfumes. E.g. Combinations of esters that smell of lavender, orange, cinnamon.
What are synthetic esters/perfumes?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
sodium hydrogencarbonate → sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water
What is the word equation for thermal decomposition of baking powder?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
When a substance is broken down into simpler substances by heat. Many reactions use a catalyst.
What is thermal decomposition?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Humans can’t digest cellulose (rigid cell wall). Cooking ruptures cell walls and makes strach cells swell up and spread out. Makes potato softer, more flexible, easier to digest.
Why must potatoes be cooked?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They change shape. Energy from cooking breaks some chemical bonds allowing protein to take a different shape. Gives food an edible texture and is irreversible - called denaturing.
What happens to proteins when cooked?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Because cooking produces a new substance which can’t be changed back. It is irreversible.
Why is cooking a chemical change?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Doesn’t like water. Hydrophobic part bonds to oil molecules.
What does hydrophobic mean?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Water loving. Hydrophilic part bonds to water molecules.
What does hydrophilic mean?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They help to preserve food
What are anti-oxidants?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
A mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out.
What is a solution?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Help oil and water bind together and stop them separating out. Has two parts - a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part.
What is an emulsifier and what does it do?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They are added to food to make them last longer, taste better and look better.
What are food additives?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Bring out taste and smell of a food without adding any flavour of their own.
What are flavour enhancers?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Substance which is being dissolved.
What is a solute?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The liquid the solute is being dissolved in.
What is a solvent?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It will dissolve
What does soluble mean?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It won’t dissolve
What does insoluble mean?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
A measure of how much something will dissolve.
What is solubility?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Acetone or propanone
What can nail varnish also be known as?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
A solvent, binding medium and pigment.
What is in a paint?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It evaporates when paint dries. Added to make paint thinner and spread easily.
What is the solvent for in a paint?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
To give the paint its colour
What is the pigment for in a paint?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It is a liquid that carries the pigment bits and holds them together. When it goes solid, it sticks the pigment to the surface.
What is the binding medium in paint?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They are pigments which change colour or become transparent when the temperature changes. They can be used in baby products and kettles.
What are thermochromic pigments and what are they used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They are pigments which change colour or become transparent when the temperature changes. They can be used in baby products and kettles.
What are thermochromic pigments and what are they used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They absorb light, store it and release it over a period of time. Glow in the dark hands on clocks are safer than radioactive watches.
What are phosphorescent pigments and what can they be used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
By joining lots of monomers together in a reaction called polymerisation.
How are polymers formed?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
High pressure and a catalyst
What conditions are needed for polymerisation?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Molecules with at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
What are unsaturated compounds?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) can open up their double covalent bond and join together to form polymer chains.
What is addition polymerisation?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The chains are free to slide over each other which makes the polymer easily stretchable and gives it a low melting point.
What are the properties of a polymer with weak intermolecular forces?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
They have higher melting points and are rigid, so can’t be stretched because the cross links holds the chains firmly together.
What are the properties of a polymer with strong intermolecular forces?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Plastic milk bottles (e.g. high density Polyethene can be used).
What can strong and rigid polymers be used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
E.g. Light density polyethene can be used for plastic bags and squeezy bottles - it’s not good for anything that will get hot because of its low melting point.
What can light and stretchable polymers be used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It is strong and durable, and can be made rigid or stretchy. The rigid PVC can make window frames and piping. The stretchy can make synthetic leather.
What uses does PVC have?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Packaging and disposable coffee cups because the trapped air makes a good thermal insulator.
What can polystyrene foam be used for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Nylon coated with polyurethane doesn’t let water vapour through - which means sweat condenses and makes the person uncomfortable. Not breathable
What is the problem with synthetic fibres?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
It combines nylon and polyurethane whilst also being breathable. The PTFE film allows water vapout through but stops rain droplets.
What is good about Gore-Tex?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Most aren’t biodegradable - waste land and plastic in landfills. Burning them release toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen cyanide. Recycling is the best but can be expensive.
What are the issues with polymers?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Any compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
What is a hydrocarbon?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Strong covalent bonds between the atoms.
What are hydrocarbons held together by?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Single covalent bonds
What bond do alkanes have?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Double covalent bonds
What bond do alkenes have?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
(Alkanes) only contain single covalent bonds so they cannot join on to any other atoms.
What are saturated compounds?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
What are the first four alkanes?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Ethene, propene, and butene.
What are the first three alkenes?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The orange liquid turns colourless if an alkene is present because the bromine will be added to the double bond making it a dibromo compound in an addition reaction.
What does bromine water test for?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Through fractional distillation. Oil is heated until most is gas. This goes to a fractionating column which has a temperature gradient.
How is crude oil separated?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The bottom
Which is the hottest part of a fractionating colum?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The top
Which is the coolest part of a fractionating colum?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
LPG, followed by Petrol and Naphtha or Kerosene.
Which 3 fractions are at the top of the fractionating column?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Bitumen and above that is oil, and then diesel.
Which 3 fractions are at the bottom of the fractionating column?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
The boiling point increases, it gets less flammable, it gets more viscous (doesn’t easily flow) and it gets less volatile.
What happens as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones.
What is cracking?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Thermal decomposition
What is cracking a form of?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Because there is a higher demand for them. Also it produces lots of alkenes which are used to make polymers.
Why are longer hydrocarbons cracked?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
A powdered catalyst (aluminium oxide) at a temperature of about 400°C-700°C
What conditions are needed for cracking?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Oil tanker crashes/oil rig problems can lead to oil slicks. If oil covers birds’ feathers it stops them being waterproof so they die of cold/can no longer fly. Detergents can break up oil slicks but can be harmful to wildlife.
What are the environmental problems of oil?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Becomes more expensive meaning countries keep more for them. Those with a large supply have power over other countries - leads to conflicts. Countries without oil/gas may rely on politically unstable places for supply.
What are the political problems of oil?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Becomes more expensive meaning countries keep more for them. Those with a large supply have power over other countries - leads to conflicts. Countries without oil/gas may rely on politically unstable places for supply.
What are the political problems of oil?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Energy value, availability, storage, cost, toxicity, ease of use and pollution.
What should be considered when choosing the best fuel?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
When there is plenty of oxygen.
When does complete combustion happen?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
When there isn’t enough oxygen.
When does incomplete combustion happen?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon (+ energy)
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Complete combustion
Which type of combustion is safe?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
A colourless, odourless and poisonous gas .
What is carbon monoxide?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Photosynthesis
What processes remove carbon dioxide from the air?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Respiration, combustion and decay.
What processes add carbon dioxide from the air?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
What causes acid rain?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Oxides of nitrogen
What causes photochemical smog?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide → nitrogen + carbon dioxide
What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
2CO + 2NO → N₂ + 2CO₂
What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Tail
Which part of an emulsifier is hydrophobic?
C1 - Carbon Chemistry
Head
Which part of an emulsifier is hydrophilic?
